Is tumor necrosis factor-α monoclonal therapy with proactive therapeutic drug monitoring optimized for inflammatory bowel disease? Network meta-analysis

Table 1 Summary baseline characteristics

Disease type	Study type	Comparison	Anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody type	Ref.
IBD	RCT	Proactive vs empiric	IFX	Vande Casteele et al[21]
	Observational study	Proactive vs empiric	IFX	Sánchez-Hernández et al[22]
				Lee et al[25]
				Guidi et al[29]
				Kelly et al[30]
				Bossuyt et al[31]
			IFX + ADA	Ponte et al[23]
			ADA	Papamichael et al[28]
				Capoulas et al[27]
		Proactive vs reactive	ADA	Papamichael et al[26]
			IFX	Papamichael et al[28]
UC only	Observational study	Proactive vs empiric	IFX	Fernandes et al[24]
	RCT	Proactive vs empiric	ADA	Panés et al[33]
CD only	Observational study	Proactive vs empiric	IFX	Fernandes et al[24]
	RCT	Proactive vs reactive	ADA	D'Haens et al[32]
	RCT	Proactive vs empiric	ADA	Panés et al[33]
Baseline indicator		OR1/SMD2 (95%CI)	P, I2	Balanced or not
Male sex, n (%)		1.106 (0.936, 1.307)1	0.283, 16.9	Yes
CD, n (%)		1.114 (0.872, 1.422)1	0.299, 16.6	Yes
Age, yr, median (%)		-0.042 (-0.432, 0.348)2	0.000, 96.23	Yes
Baseline remission, n (%)		1.263 (0.780, 2.046)1	0.406, 0.0	Yes
Active smoker, n (%)		0.974 (0.633, 1.499)1	0.141, 45.1	Yes
Duration of disease, y, median (%)		-0.034 (-0.216, 0.148)2	0.003, 72.33	Yes
Prior surgery, n (%)		1.075 (0.690, 1.675)1	0.923, 0.0	Yes
CRP concentration (mg/L) (%)		0.463 (-0.171, 1.097)1	0.000, 98.23	Yes

¹Odds ratio.

²Standardized mean difference.

³Substantial heterogeneity.

TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; ADA: Adalimumab; CD: Crohn's disease; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; IFX: Infliximab; UC: Ulcerative colitis.