The global epidemiology of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding in general population: A systematic review

Table 1 Basic information for studies

Ref.	Study period	Country (region)	Data source1	Design	Clinical event
Schlup et al[24], 1984	1 September 1980 - 28 February 1982	New Zealand (Dunedin)	Clinical data (Dunedin public hospitals)	P	UGIB
Katschinski et al[25], 1989	1 April 1984 - 31 March 1986	UK (Nottingham)	Clinical data (The Nottingham City and University Hospitals)	P	UGIB
Longstreth[26], 1995	1991	USA (San Diego)	Administrative claims database (KPMCP)	R	AUGIB
Bramley et al[27], 1996	October 1991 - September 1993	Scotland (Grampian and the Northern Isles)	Clinical data (Aberdeen Royal Infirmary)	P	LGIB
Masson et al[28], 1996	October 1991 - September 1993	Scotland (Orkney and Shetland)	Clinical data (Aberdeen Royal Infirmary)	P	UGIB
Blatchford et al[60], 1997	September 1992 - Feb 1993	West Scotland	Clinical data (Multicenter)	P	AUGIB
El Bagir et al[29], 1997	May 1991 - May 1993	Saudi Arabia (Abha City)	Clinical data (Asir Central Hospital)	P	AUGIB
Longstreth[30], 1997	January 1990 - December 1993	USA (San Diego)	Claims (KPMCP)	R	ALGIB
Soplepmann et al[61], 1997	1 August 1992 - 31 July 1994	Finland (Central Finland)	Clinical data (Central Hospital of Central Finland)	P	AUGIB
		Estonia (Tartu)	Clinical data (Tartu University Hospital)
Vreeburg et al[31], 1997	July 1993 - July 1994	Netherlands (Amsterdam area)	Hospital survey (Two university and ten regional hospitals)	P	AUGIB
Czernichow et al[32], 2000	1 January - 30 June 1996	France (Finistere, Gironde, Seine Maritime and Somme)	Hospital survey (29 public hospitals and 96 private practices)	P	AUGIB
Paspatis et al[33], 2000	February 1998 - February 1999	Greece (Heraklion, Crete)	Hospital survey	P	AUGIB
Tenias Burillo et al[34], 2001	April 1995 - March 1999	Spain (Valencia)	Clinical data (Lluis Alcanyis Hospital)	P	NVUGIB
Lewis et al[62], 2002	1992 - 1999	USA	Hospital survey (NHDS)	R	UGIB
van Leerdam et al[63], 2003	January 2000 - January 2001	Netherlands (Amsterdam area)	Hospital survey (Two university and ten regional hospitals)	P	AUGIB
Targownik et al[35], 2006	1993 - 2003	Canada	Administrative database (HPOID)	R	AUGIB
Theocharis et al[36], 2008	January 1995- December 1995	Greece (Achaia)	Clinical data (Three regional hospitals)	R	AUGIB
	January - December 2005			P
Kapsoritakis et al[37], 2009	1 December 2005 - 30 November 2006	Greece (Thessaly, Larissa)	Clinical data (University Hospital of Larissa)	P	AUGIB
Lanas et al[38], 2009	1 January 1996 - 30 December 2005	Spain	Administrative database (10 hospitals of Spanish NHS)	R	NVUGIB
					LGIB
Loperfido et al[39], 2009	1 October 1983 - 31 December 1985	Italy (Treviso)	Clinical data (Treviso Hospital)	P	AUGIB
	1 January 2002 - 31 March 2004
Åhsberg et al[40], 2010	1 January - 31 December 1984	Sweden (Skåne)	Clinical data (Lund University Hospital)	R	NVUGIB
					LGIB
	1 January - 31 December 1994				NVUGIB
					LGIB
	1 January - 31 December 2004				NVUGIB
					LGIB
Button et al[41], 2011	1 April 1999 - 31 March 2007	Wales	Linked administrative database (PEDW)	R	UGIB
Langner et al[42], 2011	2000 – 2005	Germany	Administrative database (GHS)	R	UGIB
Crooks et al[43], 2012	1 April 1997 - 30 August 2010	England	Linked EHR data (GPRD and HES)	R	UGIB
Laine et al[44], 2012	2001 - 2009	USA	Administrative claims database (Premier Perspective)	R	UGIB
					LGIB
Miyamoto et al[45], 2012	1997 - 2008	Japan (Aki-Ota, Hiroshima)	Clinical data	R	UGIB
Mungan et al[46], 2012	6 January - 10 March 2009	Turkey	Cohort study (ENERGIB survey)	R	NVUGIB
Nahon et al[47], 2012	March 2005 - February 2006	France	Hospital survey (53 hospitals)	P	UGIB
Sangchan et al[48], 2012	1 October 2009 - 30 September 2010	Thailand	Claims and clinical data	R	UGIB
Del Piano et al[49], 2013	June 2006 - June 2007 and December 2008 - December 2009	Italy	Clinical data (13 hospitals)	P	ANVUGIB
Hreinsson et al[50], 2013a	1 January 2010 - 31 December 2010	Iceland (Reykjavik)	Clinical data (National University Hospital of Iceland)	P	ALGIB
Hreinsson et al[51], 2013b	1 January 2009 - 31 December 2010	Iceland (Reykjavik)	Clinical data (National University Hospital of Iceland)	P	AUGIB
Cavallaro et al[45], 2014	January 2001 - December 2010	Italy (Veneto)	Administrative database (HDRs)	R	UGIB
					LGIB
Marmo et al[53], 2014	March 2003 - March 2004 and April 2007 - May 2008	Italy	Administrative database (PNED1 and PNED2)	P	NVUGIB
O'Byrne et al[54], 2014	1 January 2008 - 31 December 2009	Canada (Saskat-chewan)	Clinical data (SHR and RQHR)	R	NVUGIB
Abougergi et al[64], 2015	1989 - 2009	USA	Administrative database (NIS)	R	UGIB
Niikura et al[55], 2015	1 July 2010 - 31 March 2012	Japan	Administrative claims database (DPC)	R	LGIB
Taha et al[56], 2015	2007 - 2012	Scotland (Ayrshire)	Clinical data (University Hospital Crosshouse)	R	UGIB
Lu et al[57], 2018	1 January 2008 - 31 December 2012	China	Hospital survey (Eight hospitals)	R	NVUGIB
Park et al[58], 2018	February 2011 - December 2013	South Korea (Daegu, Gyeong-sang)	Clinical data (Eight hospitals)	P	UGIB
Wuerth et al[59], 2018	2002 - 2012	USA	Administrative database (NIS)	R	UGIB

¹Clinical data: Hospital records; Hospital survey: Survey or standardized questionnaire being administered to multiple hospitals or healthcare practices to gather clinical records; Administrative database: Inpatient data collected by government or research organizations. Linkage refers to combining information from multiple data sources of the same population, removing duplicates.

EHR: Electronic health records; EMR: Electronic medical records; KPMCP: Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program; HDRs: Health Discharge Records; HPOID: Health Person-Oriented Information Database; NHS: National Health Services; PEDW: Patient Episode Database for Wales; ENERGIB: European Survey of Non-Variceal Upper Gastro Intestinal Bleeding; GHS: German Hospital Statistics; GPRD: General Practice Research Database; HES: Hospital Episodes Statistics; PNED: Progetto Nazionale Emorragie Digestive; SHR: Saskatoon Health Region; RQHR: Regina Qu’Appelle Health Region; NIS: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample; DPC: Diagnosis Procedure Combination; P: Prospective; R: Retrospective; ALGIB: Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding; AUGIB: Acute gastrointestinal bleeding; ANVUGIB: Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding; LGIB: Lower gastrointestinal bleeding; NVUGIB: Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding; UGIB: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding.