Effects of postoperative use of proton pump inhibitors on gastrointestinal bleeding after endoscopic variceal treatment during hospitalization

Table 2 Comparison of endoscopic findings, treatment, and outcomes between proton pump inhibitors and non-proton pump inhibitors groups

Variables	Overall		PPIs		Non-PPIs		P value
	No.Pts	Frequency (percentage)	No.Pts	Frequency (percentage)	No.Pts	Frequency (percentage)
Grade of esophageal varices
Mild		27 (19.01%)		14 (17.07%)		13 (21.67%)
Moderate	142	35 (24.65%)	82	21 (25.61%)	60	14 (23.33%)	0.783
Severe		80 (56.34%)		47 (57.32%)		33 (55.00%)
Red sign of esophageal varices	143	98 (68.53%)	83	57 (68.67%)	60	41 (68.33%)	0.965
Active bleeding	143	5 (3.50%)	83	5 (6.02%)	60	0 (0.00%)	0.074
Indication of EVT
Treatment		56 (39.16%)		34 (40.96%)		22 (36.67%)
Primary prophylaxis	143	11 (7.69%)	83	10 (12.05%)	60	1 (1.67%)	0.035
Secondary prophylaxis		76 (53.15%)		39 (46.99%)		37 (61.67%)
Type of EVT
EVL		80 (55.94%)		46 (55.42%)		34 (56.67%)
ECGI		14 (9.79%)		6 (7.23%)		8 (13.33%)
EIS	143	6 (4.20%)	83	4 (4.82%)	60	2 (3.33%)	0.799
EVL+ECGI		41 (28.67%)		25 (30.12%)		16 (26.67%)
EIS+ECGI		1 (0.70%)		1 (1.20%)		0 (0.00%)
EVL+ECGI+EIS		1 (0.70%)		1 (1.20%)		0 (0.00%)
PPIs before the index EVT	143	66 (46.15%)	83	42 (50.60%)	60	24 (40.00%)	0.209
Vasoactive drugs after the index EVT	143	38 (26.57%)	83	27 (32.53%)	60	11 (18.33%)	0.058
Post-EVT GIB	143	7 (4.90%)	83	3 (3.61%)	60	4 (6.67%)	0.453
Other post-EVT complications	143	67 (46.85%)	83	37 (44.58%)	60	30 (50.00%)	0.521

PPIs: Proton pump inhibitors; No. Pts; Numbers of patients; EVT: Endoscopic variceal treatment; EVL: Endoscopic variceal ligation; ECGI: Endoscopic cyanoacrylate glue injection; EIS: Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy; GIB: Gastrointestinal bleeding.