New perspectives on robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy: An analysis of the National Cancer Database

Table 2 Tumor characteristics for adult patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, n (%)

	Total (n = 17169)	Type of procedure			P value
		Open (n = 13816)	Laparoscopic1 (n = 2677)	Robotic2 (n = 676)
Year of diagnosis					< 0.0001
2010	1374 (8.0)	1212 (8.77)	148 (5.53)	14 (2.07)
2011	1514 (8.82)	1238 (8.96)	250 (9.34)	26 (3.85)
2012	1601 (9.32)	1347 (9.75)	225 (8.40)	29 (4.29)
2013	1738 (10.12)	1466 (10.61)	244 (9.11)	28 (4.14)
2014	1816 (10.58)	1469 (10.63)	286 (10.68)	61 (9.02)
2015	1986 (11.57)	1587 (11.49)	314 (11.73)	85 (12.57)
2016	2154 (12.55)	1665 (12.05)	374 (13.97)	115 (17.01)
2017	2099 (12.23)	1625 (11.67)	361 (13.49)	113 (16.72)
2018	2887 (16.82)	2207 (15.97)	475 (17.74)	205 (30.33)
Histology					< 0.0001
Adenocarcinoma	7085 (41.27)	5688 (41.17)	1177 (43.97)	220 (32.54)
Duct carcinoma	6775 (39.46)	5482 (39.68)	1005 (37.54)	288 (42.60)
Other	3309 (19.27)	2646 (19.15)	495 (18.49)	168 (24.85)
Primary Site (C25.2 excluded)					< 0.0001
Head of pancreas	15196 (88.51)	12365 (89.50)	2253 (84.16)	578 (85.50)
Body of pancreas	671 (3.91)	446 (3.23)	174 (6.50)	51 (7.54)
Pancreatic duct	83 (0.48)	62 (0.45)	18 (0.67)	3 (0.44)
Islet of Langerhans or endocrine pancreas	37 (0.22)	26 (0.19)	11 (0.41)	0
Other/unspecified	11182 (6.88)	917 (6.64)	221 (8.26)	44 (6.51)
AJCC Clinical Stage					0.0002
0	321 (1.87)	261 (1.89)	48 (1.79)	12 (1.78)
1	230 (1.34)	202 (1.46)	21 (0.78)	7 (1.04)
1A	1979 (11.53)	1593 (11.53)	297 (11.09)	89 (13.17)
1B	4539 (26.44)	3715 (26.89)	703 (26.26)	121 (17.90)
2	135 (0.79)	122 (0.88)	11 (0.41)	2 (0.30)
2A	3320 (19.34)	2686 (19.44)	511 (19.09)	123 (18.20)
2B	3154 (18.37)	2522 (18.25)	514 (19.20)	109 (16.12)
3	612 (3.56)	507 (3.67)	97 (4.62)	8 (1.18)
Unknown	2888 (16.82)	2208 (15.98)	475 (17.74)	205 (30.33)
Grade					< 0.0001
Well differentiated	1993 (13.95)	1627 (14.01)	287 (13.03)	79 (16.77)
2 – Moderately differentiated	6093 (42.66)	4903 (42.23)	990 (44.96)	200 (42.46)
3 – Poorly differentiated	3976 (27.84)	3256 (28.05)	614 (27.88)	106 (22.51)
4 - Undifferentiated	190 (1.33)	158 (1.36)	23 (1.04)	9 (1.91)
Not determined	2030 (14.21)	1665 (14.34)	288 (13.08)	77 (16.35)
Tumor size in mm, mean (95%CI)	33.21 (32.95, 33.48)	31.95 (30.69, 33.21)	33.13 (32.44, 33.82)	33.29 (33.00, 33.58)	0.015

¹Includes minimally invasive and minimally invasive converted to open.

²Includes robotic-assisted and robotic-assisted converted to open. AJCC: American Joint Committee on Cancer.