Association between acute pancreatitis and COVID-19 infection: What do we know?

Table 2 Summary of cohort studies on acute pancreatitis and coronavirus disease 2019

Ref.	Type of study	Design of study and conclusions
Wang et al[14]	Cohort study	9/52 pancreatic injury/COVID patients (6 M, 3 F; mean age 55 (25-71), PCR on admission, retrospective study
		A higher incidence of loss of appetite, diarrhea, and more severe illness on admission in patients with pancreatic injury
Dirweesh et al[27]	Cohort study	Comparison of 14 COVID (+) and 61 COVID (-) AP, retrospective multicenter study
		A higher Charlson Comorbidity Index, mortality, MOF in COVID (+), comparable age, sex, infected necrosis, venous thrombosis, endocrine insufficiency
Akarsu et al[43]	Cohort study	Comparison of 40 COVID-AP (+) and 285 COVID AP (-), prospective study
		Higher hospitalization, mortality rate, and CRP in COVID AP+; D-dimer and PCT were comparable in both groups
Miró et al[47]	Cohort study	Comparison of COVID-AP, COVID non-AP and non-COVID AP; Retrospective study (62 Spanish EDs)
		Comparable mortality in COVID-AP and COVID-non-AP, higher mortality in COVID-AP than in non-COVID-AP, and higher AP severity in COVID patients
Inamdar et al[9]	Cohort study	Comparison 32 COVID-AP and 157 non-COVID AP, retrospective study
		Charlson Comorbidity Index, age, sex, pancreatic necrosis, mortality rate comparable in both groups, a higher hospitalization, mechanical ventilation in COVID-AP, “idiopathic pancreatitis” more frequent in COVID-positive patients (69% vs 21%)
Gubatan et al[48]	Cohort study	Analysis of COVID among patients with pancreatitis history, retrospective study
		Comparison of COVID and non-COVID patients with prior pancreatitis, “idiopathic” pancreatitis more frequent in COVID group; higher age, male prevalence, Asian ethnicity in COVID patients
Szatmary et al[51]	Cohort study	Cohort of 5 AP/COVID patients, retrospective study

F: Female; M: Male; COVID: Coronavirus disease; AP: Acute pancreatitis; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; MOF: Multiorgan failure; CRP: C-reactive protein; PCT: Procalcitonin; ED: Emergency departments; PI: Pancreatic injury.