Comparison of safety, efficacy, and long-term follow-up between “one-step” and “step-up” approaches for infected pancreatic necrosis

Table 3 Comparison of perioperative clinical outcomes between the “One-step” approach and the “Step-up” approach

Group	“One-step” approach (n = 61)	“Step-up” approach (n = 97)		P value
Outcomes
Primary composite outcomes
Severe complications or death, n (%)1	11 (18)	20 (20.6)		0.69
Secondary outcomes
New-onset organ failure	10	18		0.73
Pulmonary	6	12
Cardiovascular	8	10
Renal	1	3
Single-organ failure	5	12		0.41
Multiple-organ failure	5	6		0.63
Death	8	12		0.89
Postoperative intraabdominal bleeding	2	5		0.58
Pancreatic fistula	16	28		0.72
Enterocutaneous fistula or Viscera perforation	3	5		0.95
Surgical approach				0.77
Trans-lesser sac	40	39
Retroperitoneal	17	20
Combined	4	6
Length of stay in ICU after operation (days)	10.9 ± 22.7	14.4 ± 26.1		0.18
Total length of ICU stay (days)	22.5 ± 30.1	25.7 ± 28.7		0.43
Total length of hospital stay (days)	52.76 ± 24.71	65.41 ± 28.14		0.02
Number of operations	2.89 ± 1.23	3.42 ± 1.69		0.65
Operation time (min)	82.19 ± 29.34	87.01 ± 30.12		0.92
Number of interventions	3.18 ± 1.39	4.26 ± 1.71		0.000
Blood loss during the operation (mL)	49.5 ± 58.3	55.5 ± 72.1		0.51
Number of drainage tubes	3.9 ± 1.0	4.43 ± 1.77		0.04

¹Severe complications defined as postoperative complications classified as higher than Grade IIIa according to the Clavien-Dindo Classification.

ICU: Intensive care unit.