Impact of palliative therapies in metastatic esophageal cancer patients not receiving chemotherapy

Table 1 Univariate and multivariable analysis of overall survival in cohort of patients with advanced esophageal cancer

Variable	n	Univariate		Multivariable
		HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
Treatment received
No chemotherapy/received palliative therapy	407	0.94 (0.84-1.05)	0.288	0.94 (0.83-1.06)	0.290
No chemotherapy/no palliative therapy	1086	1 (Reference)		1 (Reference)
Age (yr)	1493	1.00 (1.00-1.00)	0.773	2
Gender
Female	340	0.82 (0.73-0.93)	0.002	0.81 (0.71-0.92)	0.002
Male	1153	1 (Reference)		1 (Reference)
Race1
Black	142	0.87 (0.73-1.04)	0.136	0.87 (0.72-1.05)	0.136
Other	82	0.76 (0.60-0.97)	0.026	0.72 (0.56-0.93)	0.011
White	1270	1 (Reference)		1 (Reference)
Insurance type1
Medicaid	134	1.00 (0.81-1.24)	0.977	2
Medicare	944	1.04 (0.91-1.18)	0.605
Not insured	89	0.99 (0.77-1.28)	0.963
Other government	21	1.01 (0.63-1.64)	0.956
Private	305	1 (Reference)
Income quartiles for place of residence1
$30000-$34999	291	1.03 (0.86-1.24)	0.723	1.04 (0.86-1.25)	0.710
$35000-$45999	452	1.19 (1.01-1.41)	0.034	1.21 (1.01-1.44)	0.035
$46000+	514	1.04 (0.89-1.23)	0.593	1.06 (0.89-1.26)	0.518
Less than $30000	236	1 (Reference)		1 (Reference)
Education level1,3
14%-19.9%	372	1.03 (0.90-1.18)	0.679	2
20%-28.9%	369	1.01 (0.88-1.16)	0.871
29% or more	263	0.96 (0.82-1.12)	0.580
Less than 14%	489	1 (Reference)
Treatment site1
Academic	554	0.90 (0.80-1.00)	0.047	2
Non-Academic	939	1 (Reference)
Geographic location in United States1
Midwest	487	1.10 (0.93-1.29)	0.259	1.10 (0.94-1.30)	0.232
Northeast	341	1.12 (0.94-1.32)	0.203	1.17 (0.98-1.39)	0.076
South	431	1.20 (1.02-1.42)	0.026	1.23 (1.04-1.46)	0.017
West	234	1 (Reference)		1 (Reference)
Residence area type1
Metro	1183	1.06 (0.92-1.21)	0.431	2
Rural	31	1.07 (0.73-1.57)	0.719
Urban	279	1 (Reference)
Number of comorbidities4
1	351	1.17 (1.03-1.32)	0.014	1.17 (1.03-1.32)	0.018
≥ 2	152	1.20 (1.00-1.42)	0.044	1.12 (0.94-1.35)	0.200
0	990	1 (Reference)		1 (Reference)
Year of diagnosis
2010-2014	889	1.06 (0.96-1.18)	0.249	2
2004-2009	604	1 (Reference)
Grade1,5
1	50	0.64 (0.37-1.09)	0.101	0.58 (0.33-1.01)	0.054
2	513	0.60 (0.38-0.93)	0.023	0.58 (0.37-0.92)	0.020
3	901	0.73 (0.47-1.13)	0.153	0.71 (0.45-1.11)	0.133
4	29	1 (Reference)		1 (Reference)
AJCC T stage1
T0	17	0.69 (0.35-1.35)	0.280	0.64 (0.33-1.25)	0.192
T1	335	0.89 (0.74-1.07)	0.199	0.89 (0.73-1.08)	0.223
T2	162	0.73 (0.59-0.91)	0.005	0.72 (0.58-0.90)	0.003
T3	499	0.77 (0.66-0.89)	< 0.001	0.76 (0.66-0.89)	< 0.001
T4	480	1 (Reference)		1 (Reference)
AJCC N stage1
Positive	1083	0.92 (0.81-1.04)	0.187	2
Negative	410	1 (Reference)

¹Missing data were imputed by multiple imputation.

²Dropped out of the model.

³% of adults in the patient's zip code who did not graduate from high school.

⁴Per Charlson/Deyo et al[14].

⁵Grade 1, well-differentiated; grade 2, moderately differentiated; grade 3, poorly differentiated; grade 4, undifferentiated. AJCC: American Joint Committee on Cancer; HR: Hazard ratio for mortality.