Pancreatic necrosis: Complications and changing trend of treatment

Table 2 Peer-reviewed literature reports on the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing endoscopic transluminal necrosectomy

Author/year/country	Ref.	No. of patients	Modality	Complications	Overall successrate (%)	Mortality
Jones/2016/United States	[123]	69	ETN	N/A	N/A	6.5%
Oh/2016/Japan	[134]	25	ETN	20% (5/24), 4 self-limited abdominal pain, 1 minor bleeding	100% pain score improvement, p = 0.001	N/A
Sharaiha/2016/United States	[135]	124	ETN	Suprainfection n = 3, stent occlusion n = 2, stent migration n = 4, hemorrhage n = 1	N/A	0%
Huggett/2015/United Kingdom	[136]	19	ETN	Stent migration after necrosectomy 2/19, abdominal pain 1/19	N/A	26%
Schmidt/2015/Denmark	[137]	81	ETN	Death 1 (1%), bleeding from necrosis cavity 4 (5%), bleeding from transmural tract 4 (5%), pneumoperitoneum 4 (5%)	N/A	11%
Smoczyńsk/2016/Poland	[138]	56	ETN	Transmural stent displacement n = 11, GI perforation n = 11	N/A	0%
Siddiqui/2015/United States	[139]	68	ETN	Infection n = 4, bleeding n = 5	N/A	0%
Kumar/2014/United States	[103]	24	ETN	0/12 vs 8/12 (bleeding, enterocutaneous fistula and infection)	N/A	0
Smith/2014/United States	[140]	17	ETN	Bleeding n = 1, sepsis n = 1	N/A	5.8%
Saxena/2014/United States	[141]	5	ETN	Pseudocyst n = 1, stent displacement n = 1	N/A	0%
Rische/2013/Germany	[142]	31	ETN	Perforation of colon (n = 2); stent dislocation to jejunum (n = a), bleeding (n = 1)	83%	9.6%
Siddiqui/2013/United States	[143]	14	ETN	3/14 (perforation, pneumoperitonum, bacteremia)	N/A	7.1%
Ardengh/2013/Brazil	[144]	15	ETN	4 patients experienced bleeding (entry side (n = 3), inside cavity (n = 1), and worsening of infection (33.3%)	N/A	13.3%
Yasuda/2013/Japan	[145]	57	ETN	Bleeding (n = 5), perforation (n = 3), air embolism (n = 1)	75%	11%
Gardner/2011/United States	[116]	104	ETN	14/104 (Bacteremia, infected collection, moderate bleeding at puncture site, C. diff colitis, retrogastric perforation × 2, pneumoperitoneum × 3, balloon dilatation in retroperitoneum, massive bleeding during dilatation, periprocedural hypotension and cardiac arrest, anoxic brain injury, PEG site infection. bleeding (19/104)	N/A	5.7%
Varadarajulu/2011/United States	[146]	60	ETN	5/60	N/A	5%
Becker/2009/Germany	[129]	7	ETN	Spontaneous duodenal perforation (1/7), pancreatico-colonic fistula (1/7), fistula to the retroperitoneal space (1/7), spontaneous gastric bleeding (1/7), exocrine insufficiency (2/7)	N/A	0
Seifert/2009/Germany	[22]	93	ETN	Pseudocyst n = 11, bleeding n = 13, perforation n = 5, fistula n = 2, air embolism n = 2, multiorgan failure n = 2	80% Fairly satisfied	15.5%
Mathew/2008/United States	[95]	6	ETN	N/A	100%	N/A
Voermans/2007/The Netherlands	[147]	25	ETN	7/25 (bleeding). 1/25 (perforation of wall)	N/A	0
Schrover/2007/The Netherlands	[148]	8	ETN	Bleeding n = 1	N/A	12.5%
Charnley/2006/United Kingdom	[149]	13	ETN	N/A	N/A	15.3%
Bakker/2005/The Netherlands	[100]	20	ETN	New-onset diabetes 2 (22%)1 3 (50%)2, use of pancreatic enzymes 0 (0%)1, 3 (50%)2 persisting fluid collections 2 (22%)1 3 (50%)2, pancreatic fistula 1 (10%)1 7 (70%)2, enterocutaneous fistula 0 (0%)1 2 (20%)1, new-onset multiple organ failure 5 (50%)1 0 (0%)2	N/A	10%

¹Indicates ETN associated variables.

²Indicates surgical procedure associated variables. ETN: Endoscopic transluminal necrosectomy; N/A: Not available; PEG: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.