Conduit necrosis following esophagectomy: An up-to-date literature review

Table 4 Published Series of gastric ischaemic pre-conditioning prior to oesophagectomy in humans

Ref.	Country	Study design	Patient (n)	Days prior to resection	Technique	Results
Akiyama et al[39], 1998	Japan	Retrospective	51	14	Preoperative embolization of left gastric, right gastric, and splenic artery	PET is a safe procedure that contributes to the decrease in the frequency of anastomotic dehiscence after esophageal operation
Isomura et al[43], 1999	Japan	Retrospective	37	14	Preoperative embolization of left gastric, right gastric, and splenic artery	Reduction of postoperative anastomotic leakage in esophageal reconstruction
Nguyen et al[40], 2006	United States	Retrospective	9	12 ± 10	Ligation of left gastric vessels	There were no anastomotic leaks in the 9 patients
Veeramootoo et al[38], 2012	United Kingdom	Randomized controlled trial	16	14	Ligation of left gastric vessels	Laparoscopic ischemic conditioning does not translate into an improved perfusion of the gastric conduit tip
Wajed et al[37], 2012	United Kingdom	Retrospective	67	14	Ligation of left gastric vessels	9 of them (13.4%) developed gastric conduit failure
Bludau et al[42], 2010	Germany	Prospective	19	4-5	Ligation of short gastric arteries and left gastric artery	Ischemic conditioning improves Mucosal oxygen saturation in the anastomotic region at the time of reconstruction
Holscher et al[41], 2007	Germany	Retrospective	83	3-7	Laparoscopic gastric devascularisation preserving right gastroepiploic arcade	Feasible and safe technique that may contribute to the reduction of postoperative morbidity and mortality after esophagectomy

PET: Pre-operative embolization therapy.