Osteoporosis in diabetes mellitus: Possible cellular and molecular mechanisms

Table 1 Bone changes in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

References	Sample size	Age	Gender (F/M)	Major findings
Hamilton et al, 2009	102	20-71	52/50	Adult males with type 1 DM had lower BMD at hip, femoral neck and spine compared with age-matched controls (P ≤ 0.048). No significant difference in BMD between female type 1 DM vs age-matched controls.
Mastrandrea et al, 2008	63	2-37	63/0	Type 1 DM women ≥ 20 years of age had a reduction in BMD at hip, femoral neck and whole body.
				No significant difference in BMD between type 1 DM women < 20 years of age vs age-matched controls.
Soto et al, 2010	45	15-39	45/0	Adolescent and adult women with type 1 DM had lower BMD at spine, femoral neck and whole body. No correlation between decreased BMD and sex steroid hormones.
Saha et al, 2009	48	12-18	26/22	Adolescent men and women with type 1 DM had lower BMC at the proximal femur.
				Men with type 1 DM had lower cortical bone mass and cross-sectional size than age-matched women with type 1 DM.
Lumachi et al, 2009	18	36-51	8/10	Type 1 DM patients had ~60% lower BMD compared with age-matched controls.
Heilman et al, 2009	30	5-19	11/19	Type 1 DM patients had lower total BMC and lumbar BMD. Type 1 DM men had less physical activity than age-matched male controls.

DM: diabetes mellitus; BMD: bone mineral density; BMC: bone mineral content; F: female; M: male.