Atorvastatin ameliorated myocardial fibrosis in db/db mice by inhibiting oxidative stress and modulating macrophage polarization

Table 1 Primers used in this study

Gene	Primer	Tm (°C)	Product length	Accession
TGF-β1	Forward: 5’-CTCCCGTGGCTTCTAGTGC-3’	60.15	133	NM_011577.2
	Reverse: 5’-GCCTTAGTTTGGACAGGATCTG-3’	58.73
TNF-α	Forward: 5’-CCCTCACACTCAGATCATCTTCT-3’	59.29	61	NM_013693.3
	Reverse: 5’-GCTACGACGTGGGCTACAG-3’	60.23
IL-1β	Forward: 5’-GCAACTGTTCCTGAACTCAACT-3’	59.05	89	NM_008361.4
	Reverse: 5’-ATCTTTTGGGGTCCGTCAACT-3’	59.58
18S rRNA	Forward: 5’-AGGGGAGAGCGGGTAAGAGA-3’	61.58	241	AH002077.2
	Reverse: 5’-GGACAGGACTAGGCGGAACA-3’	61.26

Tm: Melting temperature; TGF: Transforming growth factor; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin.

Table 2 Biochemical parameters, systolic arterial blood pressure and ratio of heart weight/body weight in mice at 24-wk age

Parameters	CON, n = 5	DM, n = 5	DM + ATO, n = 5	DM + MET, n = 5
FBG (mmol/L)	5.12 ± 0.11	31.81 ± 3.27b	33.19 ± 3.13b	10.16 ± 2.92a,c,d
FINS (mU/L)	62.82 ± 4.98	281.24 ± 15.47b	290.10 ± 18.39b	104.13 ± 8.99a,c,d
HbA1c (%)	5.51 ± 0.60	9.57 ± 0.58b	9.42 ± 0.47b	7.15 ± 0.84a,c,d
ALT (IU/L)	58.95 ± 9.88	67.75 ± 11.30	69.03 ± 14.29	73.49 ± 15.68
AST (IU/L)	131.3 ± 27.12	157.3 ± 30.36	139.7 ± 28.49	143.9 ± 32.19
TG (mmol/L)	1.10 ± 0.17	2.48 ± 0.46b	2.29 ± 0.33b	2.17 ± 0.25b
TC (mmol/L)	2.22 ± 0.25	3.77 ± 0.39a	2.15 ± 0.38c	3.29 ± 0.32a,d
SABP (mmHg)	123.9 ± 3.09	133.9 ± 5.96	129.6 ± 4.88	136.4 ± 5.71
HW/BW (× 10-3)	4.37 ± 0.55	6.25 ± 0.38a	4.89 ± 0.10c	5.01 ± 0.46c

^aP < 0.05 vs control group.

^bP < 0.01 vs control group.

^cP < 0.05 vs db/db mice group.

^dP < 0.05 vs db/db mice + atorvastatin.

CON: Control group; DM: db/db mice group; DM+ATO: db/db mice + atorvastatin; DM+MET: db/db mice + metformin; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; FINS: Fasting insulin; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; HW/BW: Heart weight/body weight; SABP: Systolic arterial blood pressure.