Effects of glucose-lowering agents on cardiorespiratory fitness

Table 3 Effects of thiazolidinediones on cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome

Ref.	Study design	Subjects	Thiazolidinedione dose	Results
Regensteiner et al[33], 2005	Randomized controlled trial	20 patients with type 2 diabetes (10 patients received rosiglitazone and 10 patients received a placebo)	Rosiglitazone, 4 mg/d	VO2↑, insulin sensitivity↑, endothelial function↑
		Age: 55 ± 7 yr vs 56 ± 1 yr
		Sex (Men/Women): 5/5 vs 5/5
		BMI: 32.2 ± 5.6 kg/m2vs 30.4 ± 5.8 kg/m2
		HbA1c: 7.2 ± 1.1% vs 7.2 ± 1.0%
Kadoglou et al[36], 2008	Randomized controlled trial	70 patients with type 2 diabetes (35 patients received rosiglitazone and 35 patients received a placebo)	Rosiglitazone, 8 mg/d	VO2peak↑, duration of the exercise test↑, oxygen pulse↑
		Age: 63.8 ± 7.3 yr vs 66.7 ± 9.6 yr		Insulin resistance↓, diastolic blood pressure↓
		Sex (Men/Women): 14/21 vs 16/19
		BMI: 29.5 ± 3.8 kg/m2vs 29.9 ± 4.3 kg/m2
		HbA1c: 8.2 ± 1.2% vs 8 ± 0.8%
Yokota et al[37], 2017	Before-after study	14 patients with metabolic syndrome	Pioglitazone, 15 mg/d	VO2peak↑, anaerobic threshold↑
		Age: 52 ± 11 yr		Intramyocellular lipid content↓, muscle phosphocreatinine loss during exercise↓
		Sex: All men
		BMI: 26.6 ± 3.3 kg/m2
		HbA1c: 5.7 ± 0.6%

BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; VO₂: Oxygen consumption.