Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2017.
World J Diabetes. Dec 15, 2017; 8(12): 489-511
Published online Dec 15, 2017. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i12.489
Table 3 Etiology and pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus
Insulin resistance
Pregnancy and obesity as states of low grade inflammation[48,49]
Adipocytokines
↓ Adiponectin[51-53]
↑ TNF-α[55-58]
↑ IL-6[56,62-64]
↑ Leptin[56,58,65,66]
↑ AFABP[79]
↑ RBP-4[69]
?↑ Resistin[54,62,72]
?↑ Visfatin[76,77]
? Novel adipocytokines (Vaspin, Apelin and Omentin)[50]
Endothelial function and angiogenic growth factors[74,80,81]
↓ EPC
↓ SOD
↑ eNOS
↑ PAI-1
↑ sEng
↑ sICAM-1
↑ sVCAM-1
↑ t-PA
↑ PLGF
↑ sFlt-1
Proteomics biomarkers
Haptoglobin, protein SMG8 and apoptosis inducing factor-1[83]
Apolipoprotein CIII[84]
Peptides precursors of clusterin, isoform 1 of fibrinogen alpha chain and apolipoprotein CII[85]
Glycosylated fibronectin[86]
Transthyretin–retinol binding protein-retinol complex[87]
Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction
Autoimmunity[92]
Glucokinase gene defect[93]
AFABP: Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein; eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; sEng: Soluble endoglin; sFlt-1: Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1; sICAM-1: Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; sVCAM-1: Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; t-PA: Tissue plasminogen activator; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; RBP-4: Retinol-binding protein-4; EPC: Endothelial progenitor cells; hPGH: Human placental growth hormone; hPL: Human placental lactogen; IL-6: Interleukin-6; PLGF: Placental growth factor; PAI-1: Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor type-1.