Minireviews
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2016.
World J Diabetes. Oct 15, 2016; 7(18): 433-440
Published online Oct 15, 2016. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i18.433
Table 1 Summary of results from ecological, case-control and cohort studies of mean nitrate levels from drinking water in relation to incidence of type 1 diabetes
Ref.CountryExposure levels (mg/L)Findings
Muntoni et al[34]Italy ≤ 2.5OR = 1.0
2.5-4.0OR = 0.6 (95%CI: 0.4-1.0)
4.0-6.5OR = 0.5 (95%CI: 0.3-0.7)
6.5-28.9OR = 0.6 (95%CI: 0.4-1.0)
P = 0.027
Parslow et al[28]United Kingdom1.5-3.2OR = 1.0
3.2-14.9OR = 1.11 (95%CI: 0.98-1.26)
14.9-40.0OR = 1.27 (95%CI: 1.09-1.48)
Winkler et al[30]Germany< 9.58OR = 1.0
≥ 9.58OR = 0.9 (95%CI: 0.6-1.3)
Zhao et al[35]England1-3.6SIR = 1.11 (95%CI: 0.96-1.29)
3.6-7.8SIR = 0.99 (95%CI: 0.85-1.15)
7.8-16.6SIR = 0.90 (95%CI: 0.77-1.05)
χ2 = 3.8, P = 0.048
van Maanen et al[31]The Netherland< 10SIR = 0.99 (95%CI: 0.93-1.06)
10-25SIR = 0.99 (95%CI: 0.84-1.14)
≥ 25SIR = 1.45 (95%CI: 0.85-2.07)
0.2-2.1SIR = 1.02 (95%CI: 0.92-1.13)
2.1-6.4SIR = 0.95 (95%CI: 0.85-1.06)
6.4-41.2SIR = 1.02 (95%CI: 0.92-1.12)
Casu et al[32]ItalyApproximately 10Simple correlation = -0.17, P = NS
Samuelsson et al[33]Sweden0-80OR = 1.32 (95%CI: 1.06-1.64), P = 0.013
Moltchanova et al[36]Finland0.2-6.64Posterior mean unit effect = 0.0026 (95%CI: -0.0093-0.0138)
Kostraba et al[29]United States0-8.2Correlation = 0.23, P = 0.07