Early detection of diabetic kidney disease: Present limitations and future perspectives

Table 2 In vitro and in vivo renal cell models demonstrating the potential involvement of miRNAs in development of diabetic kidney disease

miRNA	Species	Specimen	miRNA expression	Mechanism of action	Ref.
miR-192	Mice/Rat	M, Te, KT	Inconsistent results	Interaction with TGFβ-associated and other pro-fibrotic genes	[94-96]
	Human	Te, KT	Reduced		[97]
miR-216a	Mice	M, KT	Elevated		[98]
miR-377	Mice	M, KT	Elevated		[99]
	Human	M
miR-29c	Mice	P, KT	Elevated		[100]
miR-200b/c	Mice	M, KT	Elevated		[101]
miR-21	Mice	KT	Elevated		[102]
	Human	Te
miR-1207-5p	Human	P, M, Te	Elevated		[103]
miR-200a	Rat	Te	Reduced		[104]
	Mice	KT
miR-23b	Mice	KT	Reduced		[105]
	Human	Te, HEK-293A
miR-93	Mice	P, En, KT	Reduced	Regulation of VEGF expression	[106]
miR-25	Rat	M, KT	Reduced	Regulation of NOX4 expression	[107]
miR-451	Mice	M, KT	Reduced	Targeting YwhaZ and p38 MAPK signaling pathways	[108]

M: Mesangial cells; Te: Tubular epithelial cells; KT: Kidney tissue; P: Podocytes; En: Endothelial cells; TGFβ: Transforming growth factor β; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; NOX4: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen oxidase 4; YwhaZ: Tyrosine3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; HEK-293A: Human Embryonic Kidney-293A cells.