Role of bile acids in the regulation of the metabolic pathways

Figure 5 Conflicting mechanisms of metabolic regulation via intestinal farnesoid X receptor activity. A: FXR activation decreases hepatic TG levels and improves glucose metabolism; B: Intestinal FXR activation of FXR agonist leads to FGF-15/19 production and improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Synthesized FGF-15/19 changes BA metabolism and serum BA composition, which causes TGR5/M-BAR activation, reduced inflammatory cytokine release, and improved insulin resistance. BABR: Bile acid binding resin; FGF-15/19: Fibroblast growth factor-15/19; FXR: Farnesoid X receptor; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; SREBP1c: Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c; Tβ-MCA: Tauro-β-muricholic acid; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1; TG: Triglyceride.