Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2016.
World J Diabetes. Jun 25, 2016; 7(12): 243-251
Published online Jun 25, 2016. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i12.243
Table 2 Epidemiological studies investigating the associations of walking with the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular events, and mortality
Ref.Study designSubjectsPhysical activity measurementOutcome, results
Hu et al[25]Prospective cohort study70102 female participants without diabetes, CVD, or cancerMET score and walking pace based on a questionnaireRisk of type 2 diabetes, normal walking pace (3.2-4.8 km/h): RR = 0.72; 95%CI: 0.62-0.85
Brisk or very brisk walking pace (> 4.8 km/h): RR = 0.41; 95%CI: 0.33-0.52
Tanasescu et al[26]Prospective cohort study3058 men with type 2 diabetesMET-hour score measured by a questionnaireMortality, walking ≥ 16.1 MET-hours/week: RR = 0.60; 95%CI: 0.41-0.88
Very brisk walking pace (≥ 4 mph): RR = 0.42; 95%CI: 0.19-0.97
Gregg et al[27]Prospective cohort study2896 subjects with diabetesTime spent walking measured by a questionnaireMortality, walking ≥ 2 h/wk, all-cause mortality: HRR = 0.61; 95%CI: 0.48-0.78; CVD mortality: HRR = 0.66; 95%CI: 0.45-0.96
Yates et al[32]Prospective data analysis from the NAVIGATOR trial (a multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trial)9306 individuals with impaired glucose toleranceNumber of steps assessed by a pedometerCardiovascular events, baseline ambulatory activity (2000 step/d increment): HR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.84-0.96 Change in ambulatory activity from baseline to 12 mo (2000 step/d difference in change): HR = 0.92; 95%CI: 0.86-0.99