Gut microbiota and Ma-Pi 2 macrobiotic diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes

Table 2 Metabolic effects of the Ma-Pi 2 dietary intervention after variable periods of time

Metabolic parameters	Duration of Ma-Pi 2 intervention	Effect
Body mass index	3 wk-6 mo	↓
Body weight (kg)	3 wk-6 mo	↓
Body fat mass (%)	3 wk-6 mo	↓
Body fat free mass (%)	3 wk-6 mo	↔
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	3 wk-6 mo	↓
Fasting insulin (mIU/mL)	3 wk	↓
HbA1c	3 wk-6 mo	↓
HOMA-R index	3 wk-6 mo	↓
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	3 wk-6 mo	↓
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	3 wk-6 mo	↓
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	3 wk-6 mo	↔
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	3 wk-6 mo	↓
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	3 wk-6 mo	↓
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	3 wk	↓
Urinary pH	3 wk	↑
Serum anion gap (mEq/L)	3 wk	↓
Serum bicarbonate (mEq/L)	3 wk	↑
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (ng/mL)	3 wk	↓
Interleukin 6 (pg/mL)	3 wk	↔
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (ng/mL)		↓

Taken from the results of studies investigating the Ma-Pi 2 diet in men and women with type 2 diabetes over variable periods. ↑: Increase; ↓: Decrease; ↔: No effect; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein.