Causative anti-diabetic drugs and the underlying clinical factors for hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes

Table 2 Published articles about the underlying clinical factors for the development of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes

Ref.	Clinical factors	Hypoglycemia	No hypoglycemia	P value
Yaffe et al[49]	Black race/ethnicity (%)	72.1	44.9	< 0.01
	Education (< high school education) (%)	36.1	24.0	0.04
	Glycated hemoglobin level (%)	8.0	7.2	< 0.01
	Prevalent diabetes mellitus (%)	85.2	47.9	< 0.01
	MMSE score [mean (SD)]	89.6 (5.7)	91.5 (5.2)	< 0.01
Hsu et al[31]	Hypertension (%)	63.6	51.2	< 0.0001
	Liver cirrhosis (%)	3.0	1.3	0.0074
	Renal disease (%)	17.4	5.2	< 0.0001
	Mental disease (%)	21.4	12.5	< 0.0001
	Cancer (%)	8.0	2.4	< 0.0001
	Stroke (%)	15.0	4.0	< 0.0001
	Heart disease (%)	13.2	3.6	< 0.0001
Leese et al[51]	Age (mean, yr)
	Type 1 treated with insulin	37.7	32.8	0.009
	Type 2 treated with insulin	66.6	63.2	0.038
	Diabetes duration (mean, years)
	Type 1 treated with insulin	20.7	16.7	0.013
	BMI (mean, kg/m2)
	Type 2 treated with insulin	26.7	30.1	< 0.001
Signorovitch et al[29]	Mental disorders (%)	15.2	11.4	< 0.001
	Neurological disorders (%)	17.2	10.7	< 0.001
	Cardiovascular disorders (%)	60.4	59.0	0.05
	Renal disorders (%)	16.5	12.3	< 0.001
	Epilepsy (%)	1.2	0.7	< 0.001
	Stroke (%)	4.9	2.9	< 0.001
	CCI [mean (SD)]	1.42 (1.70)	1.3	< 0.001
Punthakee et al[50]	Age [yr, mean (SD)]	63.91 (6.41)	62.41 (5.77)	0.002
	Female (%)	55.6	46.1	0.019
	Race			< 0.0001
	Non-Hispanic white (%)	60.0	70.9
	African American (%)	30.0	15.4
	Hispanic (%)	6.3	7.1
	Others (%)	3.8	6.6
	Education
	Less than high school (%)	16.3	12.8
	High school graduate (%)	35.0	25.2
	Some college (%)	26.9	35.1	0.01
	College graduate (%)	21.9	26.9
	BMI [mean (SD), kg/m2]	32.08 (5.64)	33.03 (5.33)	0.029
	Diabetes duration [mean (SD) of years]	14.13 (8.74)	10.18 (7.22)	< 0.0001
	HbA1c (%)	8.46 (1.06)	8.27 (1.05)	0.021
	History of stroke (%)	11.3	4.6	0.0002
	History of cardiovascular disease (%)	41.9	28.4	0.0003
	Neuropathy score [mean (SD)]	0.53 (0.50)	0.45 (0.50)	0.049
	UACR (mg/mmol)			< 0.0001
	< 30 (%)	58.8	72.4
	30-300 (%)	27.5	21.9
	> 300 (%)	13.8	5.7
	DSST score [mean (SD)]	46.45 (17.01)	52.89 (15.76)	< 0.0001
	RAVLT score [mean (SD)]	6.90 (2.72)	7.55 (2.53)	0.002
	Stroop score [mean (SD)]	37.69 (22.02)	31.66 (16.25)	< 0.0001
	MMSE score [mean (SD)]	26.83 (2.80)	27.45 (2.49)	0.002

BMI: Body mass index; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; DSST: Digit Symbol Substitution Test; MMSE: Mini-Mental Status Exam; RAVLT: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; UACR: Urinary albumin creatinine ratio.