Fifteen-year follow-up of quality of life in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Table 4 Estimated changes in health-related quality of life during follow-up

HRQOL parameters	1995 (A) mean	2002 (B) mean	Mean difference (B-A)	P-value	2010 (C) mean	Mean difference (C-A)	P-value
SF-36
MCS
All	81.3 (78.9, 83.7)	78.3 (75.6, 81.0)	-3.0 (-7.4, 1.4)	0.31	77.1 (74.2, 80.0)	-4.2 (-8.7, 0.41)	0.09
MDI	86.8 (83.4, 90.3)a	80.4 (76.5, 84.3)	-6.5 (-12.8, -0.14)	0.04	77.1 (72.9, 81.2)	-9.8 (-16.3, -3.2)	0.01
CSII	78.0 (73.4, 82.6)	77.0 (71.8, 82.3)	-1.00 (-9.5, 7.5)	1.00	76.5 (70.9, 82.1)	-1.6 (-10.4, 7.3)	1.00
From MDI to CSII	79.0 (74.8, 83.3)	77.5 (72.7, 82.3)	-1.5 (-9.3, 6.3)	1.00	77.9 (72.7, 83.1)	-1.1 (-9.2, 7.0)	1.00
PCS
All	84.1 (81.6, 86.5)	81.1 (78.4, 83.8)	-3.0 (-7.5, 1.4)	0.31	79.5 (76.5, 82.4)	-4.6 (-9.3, 0.07)	0.06
MDI	88.7 (85.1, 92.2)	84.3 (80.3, 88.2)	-4.4 (-10.9, 2.0)	0.29	80.1 (75.9, 84.3)	-8.6 (-15.3, -1.8)	0.01
CSII	81.5 (76.7, 86.2)	79.3 (74.2, 84.5)	-2.1 (-10.7, 6.5)	1.00	77.8 (72.0, 83.5)	-3.7 (-12.8, 5.4)	0.98
From MDI to CSII	82.1 (77.7, 86.5)	79.6 (74.8, 84.4)	-2.5 (-10.4, 5.4)	1.00	80.5 (75.2, 85.8)	-1.6 (-9.9, 6.8)	1.00
EuroQol
EuroQol-5D
All	0.94 (0.92, 0.95)	0.91 (0.89, 0.93)	-0.03 (-0.06, 0.01)	0.12	0.94 (0.92, 0.95)	0.00 (0.03, -0.03)	1.00
MDI	0.96 (0.93, 0.98)	0.92 (0.88, 0.95)	-0.4 (-0.9, 0.01)	0.12	0.96 (0.93, 0.98)	0.00 (0.04, -0.04)	1.00
CSII	0.93 (0.90, 0.97)	0.91 (0.87, 0.95)	0.3 (-0.9, 0.04)	0.98	0.93 (0.90, 0.97)	0.00 (0.06, -0.06)	1.00
From MDI to CSII	0.92 (0.89, 0.95)	0.90 (0.86, 0.94)	0.02 (-0.08, 0.04)	1.00	0.92 (0.89, 0.95)	0.00 (0.05, -0.05)	1.00
EuroQol-VAS
All	83.6 (81.4, 85.9)	76.9 (74.4, 79.5)	-6.7 (-10.9, 2.5)	0.01	76.3 (73.8, 78.8)	-7.3 (-11.4, -3.3)	0.01
MDI	86.4 (83.1, 89.7)	78.3 (74.6, 82.0)	-8.1 (-14.1, -2.1)	0.01	78.3 (74.8, 81.8)	-8.1 (-14.0, -2.3)	0.01
CSII	82.9 (78.5, 87.2)	76.4 (71.4, 81.3)	-6.5 (-14.5, 1.6)	0.16	73.3 (68.5, 78.1)	-9.6 (-17.5, -1.7)	0.01
From MDI to CSII	81.6 (77.6, 85.6)	76.1 (71.5, 80.6)	-5.5 (-12.9, 1.9)	0.22	77.3 (73.0, 81.6)	-4.3 (-11.5, 2.9)	0.45

Data are the mean (95%CI). HRQOL: Health-related quality of life; MDI: Multiple daily injections; CSII: Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; MCS: Mental component summary; PCS: Physical component summary. Mean differences and P-values are based on linear mixed models.

^aP < 0.05 at that moment in time vs the MDI and from MDI to CSII treatment groups.