Fifteen-year follow-up of quality of life in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Table 3 Estimated changes in clinical parameters during follow-up

Clinical characteristics	1995 (A)	2002 (B)	Difference (B-A)	P-value	2010 (C)	Difference (C-A)	P-value
BMI (kg/m2)
All	24.9 (24.2, 25.5)	26.2 (25.4, 27.1)	1.4 (0.14, 2.6)	0.02	27.2 (26.3, 28.2)	2.4 (1.0, 3.8)	0.00
MDI	25.1 (24.2, 25.9)	25.9 (24.8, 27.1)	0.9 (-0.9, 2.6)	0.72	27.0 (25.5, 28.4)	1.9 (-0.1, 4.0)	0.06
CSII	24.9 (23.9, 26.0)	27.2 (25.5, 28.8)	2.3 (-0.16, 4.7)	0.08	27.4 (25.5, 29.1)	2.5 (-0.2, 5.3)	0.08
From MDI to CSII	24.6 (23.5, 25.7)	25.6 (24.1, 27.1)	-1.0 (-1.2, 3.2)	0.82	27.3 (25.6, 29.1)	2.7 (0.2, 5.2)	0.03
Systolic BP (mmHg)
All	137.0 (133.8, 140.3)	128.0 (124.7, 131.2)	-9.1 (-14.7, -3.5)	0.00	130.7 (128.1, 133.3)	-6.4 (-11.4, -1.3)	0.01
MDI	140.8 (136.1, 145.4)	131.7 (127.2, 136.3)	-9.1 (- 17.0, -1.2)	0.02	131.6 (127.8, 135.3)	-9.2 (-16.4, -2.0)	0.01
CSII	138.5 (132.2, 144.8)	125.9 (119.5, 132.3)	-12.6 (-23.6, -1.7)	0.02	131.1 (126.1, 136.1)	-7.4 (-17.2, 2.4)	0.21
From MDI to CSII	131.8 (126.0, 137.7)	126.3 (120.6, 132.1)	-5.5 (-15.5, 4.5)	0.55	129.4 (124.8, 134.0)	-2.5 (-11.5, 6.6)	1.00
HbA1c (mmol/mol)
All	8.0 (7.6, 8.3)	7.6 (7.4, 7.8)	-0.37 (-0.85, 0.10)	0.19	7.5 (7.3, 7.6)	-0.47 (-0.93, 0.00)	0.05
MDI	7.6 (7.1, 8.1)	7.6 (7.3, 7.9)	-0.02 (-0.70, -0.66)	1.00	7.4 (7.1, 7.6)	-0.25 (-0.91, 0.42)	1.00
CSII	8.3 (7.7, 9.0)	7.6 (7.2, 7.9)	-0.78 (-1.71, 0.14)	0.13	7.6 (7.2, 7.9)	-0.79 (-1.70, 0.12)	0.11
From MDI to CSII	8.0 (7.3, 8.6)	7.6 (7.3, 8.0)	-0.31 (-1.16, 0.54)	1.00	7.6 (7.3, 7.9)	-0.37 (-1.20, 0.47)	0.87
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
All	4.8 (4.7, 5.0)	4.5 (4.3, 4.7)	-0.32 (-0.62, -0.01)	0.04	4.9 (4.7, 5.0)	0.04 (-0.25, 0.32)	1.00
MDI	4.9 (4.6, 5.2)	4.6 (4.4, 4.9)	-0.27 (-0.70, 0.15)	0.38	4.9 (3.1, 6.7)	-0.01 (-0.4, 0.4)	1.00
CSII	5.1 (4.8, 5.4)	4.7 (4.3, 5.0)	-0.42 (-1.00, 0.17)	0.26	4.8 (2.4, 7.2)	-0.31 (-0.9, 0.24)	1.00
From MDI to CSII	4.5 (4.2, 4.8)	4.2 (3.9, 4.5)	-0.26 (-0.79, 0.29)	0.77	4.9 (4.6, 5.2)	0.42 (-0.1, 0.93)	0.15
eGFR (MDRD; mL/min per 1.73 m2)
All	88.3 (85.3, 91.3)	83.3 (80.9, 85.8)	-4.9 (-9.7, -0.2)	0.37	92.0 (87.9, 96.1)	-3.7 (-2.5, -9.9)	0.44
MDI	90.4 (86.6, 94.7)	83.9 (80.4, 87.4)	-6.5 (-13.2, 0.27)	0.65	91.0 (85.3, 96.7)	0.6 (-8.0, 9.4)	1.00
CSII	83.3 (77.5, 89.2)	80.6 (75.8, 85.4)	-2.7 (-11.9, 6.5)	1.00	92.8 (84.7, 100.8)	9.4 (-2.7, 21.6)	0.19
From MDI to CSII	91.1 (85.7, 96.5)	85.5 (81.0, 89.9)	-5.7 (-14.1, 2.8)	0.32	92.2 (84.9, 99.5)	1.1 (-9.9, 12.1)	1.00

Data are the mean (95%CI). Mean differences and P-values are based on linear mixed models. BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; MDI: Multiple daily injections; CSII: Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.