Fifteen-year follow-up of quality of life in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Baseline characteristics (including health-related quality of life parameters) for all patients included and for patients who did an did not completed long term follow-up, categorized per treatment modality

Clinical characteristics	All enrolled patients	Patients completed follow- up until 2002 (A)who	Patients completed follow- up until 2010 (B)who	Patients who completed follow- up until 2010 (C)did not	MDI	From MDI to CSII	CSII	P-value	P-value
	(n = 281)	(n = 201)	(n = 113)	(n = 168)	(n = 52)	(n = 33)	(n = 28)	(A vs B)	(B vs C)
Age (yr)	37.2 (28.5, 45.0)	36.7 (29.0, 43.4)	37.1 (29.4, 43.0)	37.1 (27.4, 45.8)	37.6 (31.1, 43.1)	37.8 (29.8, 43.0)	34.1 (28.5, 43.9)	0.70	0.96
Sex (male)	154 (54.8)	117 (57.4)	72 (63.7)	82 (48.8)	37 (71.2)	25 (75.8)	10 (35.7)	0.25	0.01
Diabetes duration (yr)	15.0 (9.0, 23.0)	14.1 (8.7, 21.8)	13.4 (5.5, 21.2)	17.0 (10.9, 24.0)	12.3 (4.80, 21.2)	11.0 (3.70, 20.2)	17.0 (11.9, 25.9)	0.47	0.01
BMI (kg/m2)	24.4 (22.4, 26.6)	24.5 (22.6, 26.6)	24.7 (22.5, 26.7)	24.3 (22.3, 26.6)	24.8 (22.6, 27.1)	24.1 (22.6, 25.9)	24.8 (22.4, 26.9)	0.90	0.55
Systolic BP (mmHg)	139.1 (± 18.4)	137.8 (± 17.1)	137.6 (± 17.2)	140.0 (± 19.2)	140.8 (± 20.0)	131.8 (± 17.2)	138.5 (± 13.7)	0.97	0.27
HbA1c (%)	8.2 (± 1.8)	7.6 (± 1.0)	7.9 (± 1.8)	8.5 (± 1.7)	7.6 (± 1.8)	8.0 (± 1.7)	8.4 (± 1.8)	0.65	0.01
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.0 (± 1.0)	4.9 (± 0.9)	4.8 (± 0.9)	5.1 (± 1.1)	4.9 (± 1.0)	4.5 (± 1.0)	5.1 (± 0.7)	0.74	0.04
eGFR (MDRD; mL/min per 1.73 m2)	86.8 (± 23.0)	87.8 (± 21.8)	88.8 (± 15.8)	85.4 (± 26.8)	90.4 (± 15.0)	91.1 (± 15.4)	83.3 (± 16.8)	0.67	0.27
Smoking (yes)	54 (19.2)	54 (26.5)	31 (27.4)	23 (13.6)	17 (32.7)	6 (18.2)	8 (28.6)	1.00	0.95
Nephropathy (present)	55 (19.6)	34 (16.7)	17 (15.0)	38 (22.6)	10 (19.2)	3 (9.1)	4 (14.3)	0.72	0.12
Neuropathy (present)	76 (27.0)	27 (13.2)	12 (10.6)	64 (38.1)	8 (15.4)	3 (9.1)	1 (3.6)	0.53	0.01
Retinopathy (present)	96 (34.2)	64 (31.4)	32 (28.3)	64 (38.1)	14 (26.9)	7 (21.2)	11 (39.3)	0.59	0.09
Macrovascular complications (present)	2 (0.7)	2 (1.0)	1 (0.9)	1 (0.6)	1 (1.9)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.94	0.78
Albuminuria (present)	48 (17.1)	29 (14.2)	16 (14.2)	32 (19.0)	9 (17.3)	3 (9.1)	4 (14.3)	0.99	0.30
ACEi	17 (6.0)	16 (7.8)	8 (7.1)	9 (5.4)	4 (7.7)	2 (6.1)	2 (7.1)	0.75	0.39
HRQOL parameters
SF-36
MCS	83.5 (71.4, 89.1)	84.8 (74.6, 89.6)	85.3 (77.0, 90.6)	80.2 (65.99, 88.0)	88.1 (82.8, 92.7)	85.2 (73.4, 89.6)	78.0 (68.6, 89.1)	0.20	0.01
PCS	86.8 (75.3, 92.8)	87.8 (79.1, 92.9)	88.7 (79.5, 93.7)	83.6 (70.7, 91.2)	91.4 (86.4, 94.6)	88.3 (74.4, 93.3)	87.4 (74.3, 91.2)	0.24	0.01
EuroQol
EuroQol-5D	1.00 (0.81, 1.00)	1.00 (0.84, 1.00)	1.00 (0.84, 1.00)	0.95 (0.78, 1.00)	1.00 (0.89, 1.00)	1.00 (0.84, 1.00)	1.00 (0.84, 1.00)	0.39	0.01
EuroQol-VAS	85.0 (70.0, 91.0)	85.0 (75.0, 92.0)	85.0 (80.0, 95.0)	80.0 (70.0, 90.0)	87.5 (80.0, 95.0)	85.0 (70.0, 90.5)	84.5 (70.8, 95.0)	0.45	0.02

Data are mean (± SD), median (interquartile range) or n (%). P-values are based on unpaired student T-, Mann-Whitney U- or χ²-tests. HRQOL: Health-related quality of life; BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; MDI: Multiple daily injections; CSII: Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; MDRD: Modification of diet in renal disease; MCS: Mental component summary; PCS: Physical component summary; ACEi: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.