Review
Copyright ©2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2014; 5(4): 527-535
Published online Aug 15, 2014. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i4.527
Table 1 Key immune effectors for Crohn’s disease inflammatory processes
RoleRef.
Toll-like receptorsTheir overexpression promotes NF-κB pathway leading to immune intolerance to gut normal flora[17,24,25,28]
IL-1 TNF-αStimulation of intestinal stromal cells to release matrix metalloproteinases leading to mucosal damage[17,20]
Th1 Th17 cellsSecretion of IFNγ, IL-17 and IL-21 activating macrophages (MØ) and stromal cells to release MMPs[4,17]
NMDA receptors, SPIntestinal neuronal inflammation[21,22]