Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of type 1, type 2 and MODY diabetes mellitus

Clinical characteristic	Type 1 diabetes mellitus	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	MODY diabetes mellitus
Age when diagnosis is established	Preschool-adolescents	> 10 yr	MODY 2: youth
			MODY 3: adolescents
Obesity	Uncommon1	Common	Uncommon
Gender	Male = female	Female > male	Male = female
Relatives	5% Type 1 D.m.	75%-100% Type 2 D.m.	100% MODY
Population	Predominantly Caucasian	Predominantly Americans of African, Hispanic, Asian, and American Indian
b-cell autoantibodies	85%-98%	Uncommon2	Uncommon
Insulin, C-peptide	Low	high	Low
Ketoacidosis	Frequently	< 33%	Uncommon
Associated disorders	Autoimmune disorders (thyroid, adrenal, vitiligo), celiac disease	Acanthosis nigricans	MODY 5: urogenital malformation
		PCOS	MODY 8: exocrine pancreas insufficency
		Metabolic Syndrome

¹But prevalence of overweight children with type 1 diabetes mellitus is increasing parallel to the obesity epidemic;

²Children with type 2 diabetes mellitus and b-cell autoantibodies have been reported. MODY: Maturity onset of diabetes mellitus in youth.