Association between psychological distress and gastrointestinal symptoms in diabetes mellitus

Table 4 Odd ratios and 95% CI of gastrointestinal symptoms on anxiety and depression in diabetes mellitus patients vs controls

GI symptoms	OR	95% CI	P value
Anxiety
Loose/watery stools	2.79	(1.14-6.83)	0.029
Heartburn	2.45	(1.14-5.26)	0.022
Postprandial fullness	2.39	(1.01-5.65)	0.042
Anal blockage	2.07	(1.10-3.95)	0.026
Dysphasia	1.98	(1.67-2.36)	< 0.001
Depression
Early satiety	10.8	(1.30-89.34)	0.009
Fecal incontinence	8.89	(1.07-73.8)	0.024
Heartburn	5.04	(1.02-24.98)	0.036
< 3 bowels/wk	4.54	(1.13-18.26)	0.038
> 3 Bowels/d	4.14	(1.03-16.6)	0.043
Anal blockage	3.77	(0.94-15.41)	0.050

GI: Gastrointestinal; OR: Odd ratios.