Association between psychological distress and gastrointestinal symptoms in diabetes mellitus

Table 2 Lifestyle habits and family history of diabetic patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and healthy subjects (n = 906) n (%)

Variables	Diabetic with GIn = 453	Healthysubjectsn = 453	P value
BMI (kg/m2)
Normal (< 25)	74 (16.3)	118 (26.0)
Overweight (25-30)	217 (47.9)	194 (42.8)	0.001
Obese (> 30)	162 (35.7)	141 (31.2)
Physical activity
Yes1	159 (35.1)	254 (56.1)	< 0.001
No	294 (64.9)	199 (43.9)
Smoking (Cigarette/sheesha)
Yes	136 (30.0)	63 (13.9)	0.001
No	317 (70.0)	390 (86.1)
Dietary habits2
Type of food
Arabic	408 (90.1)	402 (88.7)	0.590
Indian/Pakistani	59 (13.0)	87 (19.2)	0.014
Western	24 (5.3)	34 (7.5)	0.222
Type of oil
Vegetable oil	302 (66.7)	299 (66.0)	0.833
Olive oil	248 (54.7)	181 (40.0)	< 0.001
Animal fat/butter	104 (23.0)	92 (20.3)	0.334
Pattern of daily food
Vegetable	327 (72.2)	242 (53.4)	< 0.001
Fruit	221 (48.8)	144 (31.8)	< 0.001
Red meat	206 (45.5)	256 (56.5)	0.001
Chicken	240 (53.0)	157 (34.7)	< 0.001
Fish	189 (41.7)	113 (24.9)	< 0.001
Type of drink
Arabic coffee	342 (75.5)	337 (74.4)	0.759
Turkish coffee	55 (12.1)	49 (10.8)	0.602
Nescafe	170 (37.5)	54 (11.9)	< 0.001
Juice	100 (22.1)	78 (17.2)	0.079
Tea	361 (79.7)	367 (81.0)	0.676

¹At least 30 min walking per day.

²Multiple option. BMI: Body mass index; GI: Gastrointestinal.