Association between psychological distress and gastrointestinal symptoms in diabetes mellitus

doi:10.4239/wjd.v3.i6.123

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Jun 15, 2012 (publication date) through Apr 30, 2024

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Brief Article

World J Diabetes. Jun 15, 2012; 3(6): 123-129
Published online Jun 15, 2012. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v3.i6.123

Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the diabetic subjects with gastrointestinal symptoms and controls n (%)

Variables	Totaln = 906	Diabetic with GIn = 453	Healthysubjectsn = 453	P value
Age (mean ± SD)	46.9 ± 10.3	49.0 ± 9.9	44.8 ± 10.2	< 0.001
Age group (yr)
< 35	121 (13.4)	37 (8.2)	84 (18.5)	< 0.001
35-44	225 (24.8)	101 (22.3)	124 (27.4)
45-54	329 (36.3)	178 (39.3)	151 (33.3)
≥ 55	231 (25.5)	137 (30.2)	94 (20.8)
Gender
Male	544 (60.0)	278 (61.4)	266 (58.7)	0.456
Female	362 (40.0)	175 (38.6)	187 (41.3)	0.456
Nationality
Qatari	423 (46.7)	200 (44.2)	223 (49.2)	0.143
Non-Qatari	483 (53.3)	253 (55.8)	230 (50.8)	0.143
Marital status
Single	146 (16.1)	62 (13.7)	84 (18.5)	0.058
Married	760 (83.9)	391 (86.3)	369 (81.5)	0.058
Educational level
Illiterate	56 (6.2)	32 (7.1)	24 (5.3)	0.329
Primary	114 (12.6)	63 (13.9)	51 (11.3)
Intermediate	182 (20.1)	96 (21.2)	86 (19.0)
Secondary	296 (32.7)	139 (30.7)	157 (34.7)
University	258 (28.5)	123 (27.2)	135 (29.8)
Occupation
Not working/housewife	275 (30.4)	132 (29.1)	143 (31.6)	0.564
Sedentary/professional	275 (30.4)	138 (30.5)	137 (30.2)
Clerk/manual	187 (20.6)	90 (19.9)	97 (21.4)
Businessman	106 (11.7)	56 (12.4)	50 (11.0)
Army/police/security	63 (7.0)	37 (8.2)	26 (5.7)
Household income¹
< 5000	71 (7.8)	38 (8.4)	33 (7.3)	0.227
5000 – 9999	303 (33.4)	147 (32.5)	156 (34.4)
10 000 – 15 000	328 (36.2)	176 (38.9)	152 (33.6)
> 15 000	204 (22.6)	92 (20.3)	112 (24.7)
Mental health severity
PHQ-9 depression (0–24) mean ± SD (95% CI)	7.1 ± 3.8	8.2 ± 3.7	6.0 ± 3.7	< 0.001
PHQ-9 depression (0–24) mean ± SD (95% CI)		(7.9-8.6)	(5.7-6.4)
GAD-7 anxiety (0-21)	6.8 ± 3.6	7.6 ± 3.3	6.0 ± 3.7	< 0.001
mean ± SD (95% CI)		(7.3-7.9)	(5.7-6.4)
Comorbidity
Severe depression (PHQ≥ 15)	59 (6.5)	43 (9.5)	20 (4.4)	< 0.001
Severe anxiety (GAD7≥ 11)	169 (18.6)	107 (23.6)	62 (13.7)	< 0.001
Frequency of GI symptoms	389 (42.9)	264 (58.3)	217 (47.9)	0.002
(at least two or more symptoms)

¹$ 1 US Dollars = 3.65 Qatar Riyals; GI: Gastrointestinal; PHQ: Patient health questionnaire; GAD: General anxiety disorders.

Citation: Bener A, Ghuloum S, Al-Hamaq AO, Dafeeah EE. Association between psychological distress and gastrointestinal symptoms in diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2012; 3(6): 123-129
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v3/i6/123.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v3.i6.123