Excessive 5-year weight gain predicts metabolic syndrome development in healthy middle-aged adults

Table 4 Summary of five-year changes in metabolic syndrome-components for female and male adults and the occurrence rates of metabolic syndrome according to the severity of weight gain

Female N = 388
Follow-up changes (%)	WG within 5 years
	Control	Mild	Moderate	Severe
	%WG ≤1%	1% < %WG ≤5%	5% < %WG ≤10%	%WG > 10%
	n = 105	n = 100	n = 99	n = 84
△Central obesityb	8.50%	16.00%	22.60%	32.80%
△High blood pressure	22.90%	28.70%	28.50%	37.00%
△Hyperglycemia	-3.40%	-4.20%	-3.10%	1.30%
△Hypertriglyceridemiab	-0.40%	8.00%	15.60%	24.30%
△Low-HDL cholesterolb	-14.40%	-17.70%	-5.90%	-6.00%
MetS Development within 5 yearsb	5.70%	3.00%	14.10%	13.10%
Male N = 996
Follow-up changes (%)	WG within 5 years
	Control	Mild	Moderate	Severe
	%WG ≤1%	1% < %WG ≤5%	5% < %WG ≤10%	%WG > 10%
	n = 236	n = 237	n = 288	n = 235
△Central obesityb	10.00%	3.00%	21.20%	40.50%
△High blood pressurea	21.00%	20.00%	21.20%	19.00%
△Hyperglycemia	-8.00%	-11.00%	-5.10%	-2.40%
△Hypertriglyceridemiab	2.00%	2.00%	8.10%	11.90%
△Low-HDL cholesterolb	-34.00%	-24.00%	-24.20%	-7.10%
MetS development within 5 years	10.60%	12.20%	16.30%	17.00%

^aP < 0.05;

^bP < 0.01; An ANOVA was conducted, adjusting for age, using Tukey’s test. Δ: Differences between 2007 and 2002; minus indicates decreasing trend within follow-up; WG: weight gain; HDL: high density lipoprotein cholesterol.