Ginsenoside Rd promote the contact between mitochondria and lipid droplets through Plin1/Mfn2 to treat diabetic kidney disease

Figure 4 Ginsenoside Rd enhance the coupling of mitochondria and lipid droplets via perilipin 1-mitofusin 2 signaling pathway in db/db mice. A: Triglycerides in blood serum (n = 4); B: Free fatty acid in blood serum (n = 4); C: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results of hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit beta (n = 3); D: The PCR results of carnitine O-octanoyltransferase (n = 3); E: The PCR results of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (n = 3); F: Coupling of mitochondria and lipid droplets under electron microscopy. Scale bar, 2 μm; G: Immunofluorescence images showing the MitoTracker (red) and BODIPY (green) expression of kidney. DAPI staining indicates the nuclei (blue). Scale bar, 100 μm; H: Pearson correlation coefficient of MitoTracker and BODIPY (n = 3); I: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment (total); J: The PCR results of perilipin (Plin) 1 (n = 3); K: The PCR results of mitofusin (Mfn) 2 (n = 3); L: Western blot bands of protein kinase A, Plin1 and Mfn2; M: Western blot analysis of protein kinase A (n = 4); N: Western blot analysis of Plin1 (n = 4); O: Western blot analysis of Mfn2 (n = 4). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ^aP < 0.01 compared with control group; ^bP < 0.01 compared with model group. FFA: Free fatty acid; PKA: Protein kinase A; Plin1: Perilipin 1; Mfn2: Mitofusin 2; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; NF: Nuclear factor; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.