Early risk stratification of gestational diabetes using interpretable machine learning with first-trimester screening parameters

doi:10.4239/wjd.123276

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Diabetes. Sep 15, 2026; 17(9): 123276
Published online Sep 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.123276

Table 3 First-trimester clinical, ultrasound, and biochemical parameters of the study population, median (interquartile range)

Variables	GDM (n = 352)	Non-GDM (n = 2404)	P value
GA at scan (weeks)	12.7 (12.4-13.0)	12.7 (12.4-13.0)	0.277
CRL (mm)	66.6 (62.4-70.5)	66.6 (62.9-70.4)	0.385
NT (mm)	1.8 (1.7-2.0)	1.8 (1.7-2.0)	0.879
MAP (mmHg)	84.7 (77.3-93.0)	81.7 (75.7-88.0)	< 0.001^a
PAPP-A (IU/L)	5.07 (3.26-6.96)	5.80 (4.04-8.11)	< 0.001^a
PlGF (pg/mL)	41.80 (29.66-53.26)	43.00 (31.31-57.00)	0.049^a
Free β-hCG (IU/L)	38.60 (25.80-58.80)	41.40 (28.60-61.00)	0.020^a
Uterine artery PI	1.60 (1.32-1.97)	1.58 (1.31-1.89)	0.072

^aP < 0.05.

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; GA: Gestational age; CRL: Crown-rump length; NT: Nuchal translucency; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; PAPP-A: Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A; PlGF: Placental growth factor; β-hCG: β-human chorionic gonadotropin; PI: Pulsatility index.

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Citation: Hung SM, Chen CP, Sun FJ, Chen YY, Wang LK, Chen CY. Early risk stratification of gestational diabetes using interpretable machine learning with first-trimester screening parameters. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(9): 123276
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i9/123276.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.123276

Hung SM, Chen CP, Sun FJ, Chen YY, Wang LK, Chen CY. Early risk stratification of gestational diabetes using interpretable machine learning with first-trimester screening parameters. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(9): 123276 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.123276]

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