Nutritional intake characteristics and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 6 Comparison of demographic and clinical data, mean ± SD

	Well-controlled group (n = 44)	Poorly controlled group (n = 81)	t value	P value
Age (years)	52.36 ± 15.21	53.05 ± 14.84	0.683	0.496
Gender			0.559	0.455
Male	24	38
Female	20	43
BMI (kg/m2)	22.51 ± 3.90	24.44 ± 3.82	2.681	0.008
Duration of diabetes mellitus (years)	7.71 ± 4.43	8.08 ± 5.71	0.373	0.710
Marital status			0.952	0.621
Unmarried	5	12
Married	31	50
Divorced or widowed	8	19
Educational level			12.042	0.002
Elementary school and below	6	35
Junior and senior high school	14	21
High school or above	24	25
Clinical treatment regiment			9.687	0.008
Dietary control alone without OADs	15	51
OAD monotherapy	20	22
Combination OAD therapy	9	8
OAD class
Metformin	24	21	10.141	0.002
SGLT2 inhibitors	6	5		0.193
DPP-4 inhibitors	5	6		0.516
Sulfonylurea	3	6		0.999
Smoking history			0.286	0.593
Present	19	31
Absent	25	50
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.91 ± 0.91	4.60 ± 1.16	3.367	0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.64 ± 0.96	2.27 ± 2.53	1.594	0.114
Low density lipoprotein	2.38 ± 0.50	2.54 ± 0.66	1.427	0.156
High density lipoprotein	1.15 ± 0.27	1.08 ± 0.37	1.102	0.272

Oral antidiabetic drug classes were not mutually exclusive because patients receiving combination therapy could be included in more than one medication class. Fisher’s exact test was used when expected cell counts were < 5. SGLT2: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2; DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4; BMI: Body mass index; OAD: Oral antidiabetic drug.