Fractional carbon dioxide laser preconditioning potentiates adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes for diabetic wound repair

Table 2 Mesenchymal stem cell preconditioning strategies for skin wound healing

Preconditioning strategies	MSC types	Derivatives	Models	Functions	Ref.
Qr preconditioning	HUC-MSCs	Exos: MSCs-Qr-Exos	SD diabetic rats: Full-thickness excision wound	MSC-Qr-Exos enhance fibroblast proliferation and migration, enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of MSC-Exos	[38]
RAPA preconditioning	HUC-MSCs	sEVs: RAPA-sEVs	C57/BL6 diabetic mice: Full-thickness excision wound	RAPA-sEVs effectively accelerate wound repair by promoting angiogenesis, reducing M1-type macrophages, and suppressing excessive inflammation with high biosafety	[15]
Curcumin preconditioning	BMSCs	Cur-Exos	SD diabetic rats: Full-thickness excision wound	Cur-Exos reduce wound size and promote epithelial migration and collagen deposition	[39]
PGZ preconditioning	Rat BMSCs	PGZ-Exos	SD diabetic rats: Full-thickness excision wound	PGZ-Exos enhance collagen deposition, ECM remodeling, and VEGF and CD31 expression, supporting angiogenesis in diabetic wound healing	[35]
Empagliflozin	Ad-MSCs	EMPA-Exos	db/db mice: Full-thickness excision wound	EMPA-Exos promote angiogenesis and accelerate diabetic wound healing by activating the PTEN/AKT/VEGF pathway	[36]
Hypo preconditioning	HUC-MSCs	Hypo-sEVs	db/db diabetic mice: Full-thickness excision wound	Hypo-sEVs promote diabetic wound healing and reduce excessive neutrophil extracellular trap formation by delivering miR-17-5p	[40]
Flavonoid preconditioning	Human umbilical cord WJ-MSCs	Fla-EVs	C57/BL6 mice: Full-thickness excision wound	Fla-EVs show strong anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects in vitro and in vivo	[41]
Atorvastatin-preconditioning	hBM-MSCs	ATV-Exos	SD rats: Full-thickness excision wound	ATV-Exos facilitate wound regeneration by promoting blood vessel formation	[37]
Blue (455 nm) light illumination	HUC-MSCs	Blue light-treated MSC-Exos	Male C57BL/6 mice: A skin burn model	MSC-Exos promote in vivo angiogenesis, with enhanced proangiogenic effects under blue light irradiation	[42]
Serum- and glucose-deprived preconditioning	HUC-MSCs	SGD-EVs	Male SD rats: Full-thickness excision wound	SGD-EVs promote faster skin healing and angiogenesis in wound treatment	[43]

Qr: Quercetin; SD: Sprague-Dawley; HUC-MSCs: Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell; Exos: Exosomes; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; RAPA: Rapamycin; sEVs: Small extracellular vesicles; BMSCs: Bone marrow stromal cells; Cur-Exos: Curcumin-preconditioned stem cell-derived exosomes; PGZ: Pioglitazone; PGZ-Exos: Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cell pretreated with pioglitazone; Ad-MSCs: Adipose-derived-mesenchymal stem cell; EMPA-Exos: EMPA-pretreated mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes; Hypo: Hypoxic; Hypo-sEVs: Hypoxic pretreated mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles; WJ-MSCs: Wharton’s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell; Fla-EVs: Extracellular vesicles produced by mesenchymal stem cell treated with flavonoids; hBM-MSC: Human bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cell; ATV-Exos: Exosomes derived from atorvastatin-treated bone marrow stromal cells; SGD-EVs: Extracellular vesicles from serum- and glucose-deprived human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell.