Serum elemental profiles and their associations with glycemic control in pediatric type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Table 7 Correlation analysis among children and adolescent patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the overall diabetic population

Diabetes type	T1DM HbA1c (%)		T2DM HbA1c (%)		Overall DM HbA1c (%)
	Spearman’s rho (ρ)	P value (2-tailed)	Spearman’s rho (ρ)	P value (2-tailed)	Spearman’s rho (ρ)	P value (2-tailed)
Age, years	0.17	0.01	0.08	0.27	-0.02	0.69
Weight, kg	0.12	0.08	-0.02	0.81	-0.16	0.001
Height, cm	0.11	0.1	0.02	0.82	-0.03	0.49
BMI, percentile	-0.09	0.17	-0.06	0.43	-0.22	< 0.0001
BMI Z-score	-0.09	0.17	-0.06	0.43	-0.22	< 0.0001
Systolic BP, mmHg	0.02	0.76	0.07	0.32	-0.08	0.09
Diastolic BP, mmHg	0.24	< 0.001	0.24	< 0.001	0.14	0.005
HbA1c, percent
Glucose, mg/dL	0.21	0.002	0.65	< 0.0001	0.49	< 0.0001
BUN, mg/dL	-0.08	0.38	0.21	0.04	0.12	0.08
Na, mg/dL	-0.11	0.11	-0.05	0.45	-0.06	0.24
K, mg/dL	0.04	0.53	0.05	0.49	0.06	0.21
Mg, mg/dL	-0.02	0.72	-0.2	0.004	-0.06	0.21
Ca, mg/dL	0.01	0.9	0.16	0.03	0.09	0.06
Fe, μg/dL	0.14	0.03	0.13	0.07	0.16	0.001
Cu, μg/dL	0.16	0.02	0.31	< 0.0001	0.17	0.001
Zn, μg/dL	-0.16	0.02	0.02	0.76	-0.09	0.07
Zn/Fe ratio	-0.19	0.01	-0.14	0.05	-0.19	0.0001
Zn/Cu ratio	-0.21	0.002	-0.23	0.001	-0.20	< 0.0001
Se, μg/L	0.06	0.38	0.18	0.01	0.13	0.01
Mn, μg/L	0.15	0.12	-0.02	0.83	0.04	0.59
Ba, μg/L	-0.03	0.74	-0.16	0.05	-0.15	0.01

T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; DM: Diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; Na: Sodium; K: Potassium; Ca: Calcium; Mg: Magnesium; Fe: Iron; Cu: Copper; Zn: Zinc; Se: Selenium; Mn: Manganese; Ba: Barium.