Serum elemental profiles and their associations with glycemic control in pediatric type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Table 6 Comparison between the male and female subpopulations within type 2 diabetes mellitus

Gender	Males (n = 69, 34.5%)1		Females (n = 131, 65.5%)1		P value
	Median	IQR	Median	IQR
Age, years	16.22	2.61	15.18	2.95	0.003
Weight, kg	105.10	34.00	87.90	28.20	< 0.0001
Height, cm	174.20	12.50	162.50	8.50	< 0.0001
BMI, percentile	99.23	1.71	98.46	2.48	0.002
BMI Z-score	2.42	0.65	2.16	0.59	0.002
Systolic BP, mmHg	127.00	12.00	119.00	14.30	0.00
Diastolic BP, mmHg	69.00	13.00	69.00	13.00	0.73
Diabetes duration, years	1.61	2.37	2.20	3.02	0.03
HbA1c, percent	7.10	3.25	7.10	3.00	0.52
Glucose, mg/dL	107.00	95.00	124.00	120.00	0.46
BUN, mg/dL	12.00	3.75	10.00	3.00	0.02
Na, mg/dL	301.67	16.91	296.04	23.22	0.02
K, mg/dL	16.11	2.32	16.06	2.71	0.84
Mg, mg/dL	1.92	0.19	1.87	0.24	0.05
Ca, mg/dL	9.35	1.21	8.96	1.21	0.02
Fe, μg/dL	92.46	83.04	73.86	124.62	0.23
Cu, μg/dL	121.50	36.04	122.90	32.80	0.01
Zn, μg/dL	82.57	18.74	78.38	19.23	0.01
Zn/Fe ratio	0.93	0.91	1.08	1.47	0.64
Zn/Cu ratio	0.69	0.29	0.63	0.23	0.001
Se, μg/L	109.70	32.69	109.70	37.79	0.98
Mn, μg/L	2.14	5.47	1.87	3.74	0.37
Ba, μg/L	3.59	9.57	5.10	12.77	0.79

¹This number is for all parameters included in the table, except certain parameters as follows: Systolic blood pressure (females: n = 130, 65%), diastolic blood pressure (females: n = 130, 65%), diabetes duration (males: n = 67, 33.5%; females: n = 127, 63.5%), blood urea nitrogen (males: n = 36, 18%; females: n = 62, 31%), manganese (males: n = 42, 21%; females: n = 65, 32.5%), barium (males: n = 52, 26%; females: n = 92, 46%).

The statistical analysis was conducted using the independent-samples Mann-Whitney test, a nonparametric method. Interquartile range: A single number as a result of this mathematical equation (interquartile range = 75th percentile - 25th percentile). IQR: Interquartile range; BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; BP: Blood pressure; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; Na: Sodium; K: Potassium; Ca: Calcium; Mg: Magnesium; Fe: Iron; Cu: Copper; Zn: Zinc; Se: Selenium; Mn: Manganese; Ba: Barium.