Serum elemental profiles and their associations with glycemic control in pediatric type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Table 5 Comparative analysis of Hispanic and non-Hispanic subpopulations diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Ethnicity	Hispanic (n = 109, 54.5%)1		Non-Hispanic (n = 89, 44.5%)1		P value
	Median	IQR	Median	IQR
Age, years	15.44	2.95	15.32	2.78	0.66
Weight, kg	90.50	31.95	99.90	36.25	0.01
Height, cm	162.70	9.90	168.60	14.10	< 0.001
BMI, percentile	98.55	2.67	98.95	2.09	0.35
BMI Z-score	2.19	0.70	2.31	0.60	0.35
Systolic BP, mmHg	121.00	13.50	123.50	13.80	0.09
Diastolic BP, mmHg	69.00	13.50	68.50	11.50	0.19
Diabetes duration, years	2.03	2.68	2.01	3.07	0.99
HbA1c, percent	7.00	3.25	7.20	3.30	0.58
Glucose, mg/dL	118.00	115.50	124.00	95.50	0.54
BUN, mg/dL	11.00	3.75	10.00	4.50	0.14
Na, mg/dL	299.02	22.57	297.05	20.9	0.48
K, mg/dL	16.21	3.5	15.92	2.07	0.1
Mg, mg/dL	1.92	0.22	1.88	0.26	0.18
Ca, mg/dL	9.05	1.30	9.09	1.12	0.36
Fe, μg/dL	76.35	94.65	92.46	114.79	0.33
Cu, μg/dL	121.20	32.30	124.90	31.60	0.09
Zn, μg/dL	82.98	19.69	77.95	15.42	0.08
Zn/Fe ratio	1.08	1.19	0.86	1.16	0.32
Zn/Cu ratio	0.68	0.23	0.62	0.23	0.01
Se, μg/L	111.10	39.83	109.20	29.39	0.2
Mn, μg/L	1.42	3.47	2.89	5.52	0.01
Ba, μg/L	2.88	6.76	6.17	42.10	< 0.001

¹This number is for all parameters included in the table, except certain parameters as follows: Systolic blood pressure (non-Hispanic: n = 88, 44%), diastolic blood pressure (non-Hispanic: n = 88, 44%), diabetes duration (non-Hispanic: n = 87, 43.5%), blood urea nitrogen (Hispanic: n = 52, 26%; non-Hispanic: n = 45, 22.5%), manganese (Hispanic: n = 55, 27.5%; non-Hispanic: n = 52, 26%), barium (Hispanic: n = 75, 37.5%; non-Hispanic: n = 67, 33.5%).

The statistical analysis was conducted using the independent-samples Mann-Whitney test, a nonparametric method. Interquartile range: A single number as a result of this mathematical equation (interquartile range = 75th percentile - 25th percentile). IQR: Interquartile range; BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; BP: Blood pressure; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; Na: Sodium; K: Potassium; Ca: Calcium; Mg: Magnesium; Fe: Iron; Cu: Copper; Zn: Zinc; Se: Selenium; Mn: Manganese; Ba: Barium.