Serum elemental profiles and their associations with glycemic control in pediatric type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Table 4 Comparative analysis of male and female subpopulations in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Gender	Males (n = 127, 57.5%)1		Females (n = 94, 42.5%)1		P value
	Median	IQR	Median	IQR
Age (examination), years	13.03	4.43	12.06	4.61	0.2
Weight, kg	52.10	28.10	46.95	26.40	0.3
Height, cm	159.00	27.30	150.30	24.20	0.001
BMI, percentile	71.13	33.91	81.88	43.38	0.1
BMI Z-score	0.56	1.03	0.91	1.42	0.1
Systolic BP, mmHg	109.00	18.00	104.00	13.00	0.048
Diastolic BP, mmHg	63.00	11.00	65.00	8.00	0.4
Diabetes duration, years	3.15	0.87	3.07	1.01	0.5
HbA1c, percent	7.90	1.50	8.00	1.90	0.1
Glucose, mg/dL	186.00	148.20	171.00	113.00	0.8
BUN, mg/dL	15.00	6.00	12.00	5.95	0.001
Na, mg/dL	298.83	19.22	301.93	19.68	0.29
K, mg/dL	16.38	5.3	16.49	11.99	0.4
Mg, mg/dL	1.98	0.23	2.00	0.22	0.2
Ca, mg/dL	9.02	1.14	9.05	1.07	0.9
Fe, μg/dL	93.05	91.76	102.30	110.07	0.5
Cu, μg/dL	110.40	26.90	109.60	29.74	0.6
Zn, μg/dL	75.07	17.80	73.42	17.44	0.5
Zn/Fe ratio	0.78	0.58	0.70	0.73	0.5
Zn/Cu ratio	0.67	0.21	0.65	0.24	0.7
Se, μg/L	105.80	41.71	108.50	34.79	0.3
Mn, μg/L	2.40	4.72	2.05	3.20	0.4
Ba, μg/L	3.06	8.68	1.90	5.67	0.1

¹This number is for all parameters included in the table, except certain parameters as follows: Glucose [n = 126 (57%) for males, and n = 93 (42.1%) for females], blood urea nitrogen [n = 63 (28.5%) for males, and n = 52 (23.5%) for females], iron and zinc/iron ratio [n = 92 (41.6%) for males], manganese [n = 63 (28.5%) for males, and n = 42 (19%) for females], barium [n = 73 (33%) for males, and n = 56 (25.3%) for females].

The statistical analysis was conducted using the independent-samples Mann-Whitney U test, a nonparametric method. Interquartile range: A single number as a result of this mathematical equation (interquartile range = 75th percentile - 25th percentile). IQR: Interquartile range; BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; BP: Blood pressure; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; Na: Sodium; K: Potassium; Ca: Calcium; Mg: Magnesium; Fe: Iron; Cu: Copper; Zn: Zinc; Se: Selenium; Mn: Manganese; Ba: Barium.