Serum elemental profiles and their associations with glycemic control in pediatric type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Table 3 Comparative analysis of Hispanic and non-Hispanic subpopulations with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Ethnicity	Hispanic (n = 60, 27.2%)1		Non-Hispanic (n = 153, 69.2%)1		P value
	Median	IQR	Median	IQR
Age (examination), years	12.25	5.09	12.54	4.55	0.9
Weight, kg	46.75	25.60	50.30	30.05	0.6
Height, cm	151.30	24.80	156.80	30.50	0.1
BMI, percentile	79.81	37.09	73.94	38.13	0.4
BMI Z-score	0.84	1.25	0.64	1.20	0.4
Systolic BP, mmHg	110.50	15.70	106.00	14.00	0.1
Diastolic BP, mmHg	64.00	13.75	64.00	8.50	0.9
Diabetes duration, years	3.05	0.98	3.17	0.86	0.5
HbA1c, percent	7.75	1.50	8.00	1.70	0.5
Glucose, mg/dL	179.00	123.20	171.00	143.00	0.5
BUN, mg/dL	14.00	5.25	13.00	6.60	0.7
Na, mg/dL	303.2	17.65	298.05	20.18	0.01
K, mg/dL	16.08	3.87	16.58	13.61	0.52
Mg, mg/dL	1.97	0.29	1.98	0.20	0.97
Ca, mg/dL	8.93	1.41	9.05	1.00	0.5
Fe, μg/dL	106.30	94.64	95.46	94.85	0.1
Cu, μg/dL	97.25	20.08	113.60	26.30	< 0.0001
Zn, μg/dL	73.56	15.62	73.93	19.03	0.62
Zn/Fe ratio	0.73	0.68	0.74	0.62	0.86
Zn/Cu ratio	0.74	0.25	0.64	0.20	0.0002
Se, μg/L	107.50	40.69	107.70	34.30	0.37
Mn, μg/L	1.96	2.27	2.58	5.25	0.19
Ba, μg/L	2.34	7.25	2.88	7.41	0.87

¹This number is for all parameters included in the table, except certain parameters as follows: Blood urea nitrogen [n = 34 (15%) for Hispanic, and n = 76 (34.4%) for non-Hispanic]. Manganese [n = 26 (11.8%) for Hispanic, and n = 77 (34.8%) for non-Hispanic]. Barium [n = 37 (16.7%) for Hispanic, and n = 88 (39.8%) for non-Hispanic]. Glucose [n = 151 (68.3%) for non-Hispanic]. Iron [n = 152 (68.8%) for non-Hispanic]. Unknown ethnicity (n = 8).

The statistical analysis was conducted using the independent-samples Mann-Whitney U test, a nonparametric method. Interquartile range: A single number as a result of this mathematical equation (interquartile range = 75th percentile - 25th percentile). IQR: Interquartile range; BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; BP: Blood pressure; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; Na: Sodium; K: Potassium; Ca: Calcium; Mg: Magnesium; Fe: Iron; Cu: Copper; Zn: Zinc; Se: Selenium; Mn: Manganese; Ba: Barium.