Serum elemental profiles and their associations with glycemic control in pediatric type 1 and type 2 diabetes

doi:10.4239/wjd.122649

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2026; 17(8): 122649
Published online Aug 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.122649

Table 1 Characteristic features of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus, n (%)

Diabetes type	T1DM	T2DM	P value	Overall DM
Patients	221 (52.5)	200 (47.5)	0.33	421 (100)
Gender
Male	127 (57.47)	69 (34.5)	< 0.0001	196 (46.56)
Female	94 (42.53)	131 (65.5)	0.02	225 (53.44)
Age (examination), years, median (IQR)	12.49 (4.64)	15.37 (2.94)	< 0.0001	14.07 (3.98)
Race/ethnicity
Hispanic	60 (27.15)	109 (54.5)	< 0.0001	169 (40.14)
Non-Hispanic	153 (69.23)	89 (44.5)	< 0.0001	242 (57.48)
American Indian/Alaskan Native	3 (1.36)	1 (0.5)	0.63	4 (0.95)
Asian	4 (1.8)	5 (2.5)	1.00	9 (2.14)
Black/African American	12 (5.43)	56 (28)	< 0.0001	68 (16.15)
Mixed race	5 (2.26)	9 (4.5)	0.42	14 (3.33)
Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander	0 (0.00)	1 (0.5)		1 (0.24)
White	129 (58.37)	17 (8.5)	< 0.0001	146 (34.68)
Unknown/not reported	8 (3.62)	2 (1.00)		10 (2.38)
Weight, kg, median (IQR)	50 (28)	93.55 (35.13)	< 0.0001	69 (46.05)
Height, cm, median (IQR)	154.4 (29.6)	165 (11.38)	< 0.0001	161.6 (18.2)
BMI, percentile, median (IQR)	74.95 (36.84)	98.77 (2.45)	< 0.0001	94.07 (26.67)
BMI Z-score, median (IQR)	0.67 (1.16)	2.25 (0.67)	< 0.0001	1.56 (1.68)
Blood pressure, mmHg, median (IQR)
Systolic	107 (16)	122 (14)	< 0.0001	114 (19)
Diastolic	64 (10)	69 (13)	< 0.0001	66 (12)
Diabetes duration, years, median (IQR)	3.13 (0.93)	2 (2.62)	< 0.0001	2.93 (1.59)
HbA1c, percent, median (IQR)	8 (1.7)	7.1 (3.18)	< 0.0001	7.7 (2.3)
Glucose, mg/dL, median (IQR)	176 (134)	119 (103)	< 0.0001	146 (132)
BUN, mg/dL, median (IQR)	13 (6.8)	11 (4)	< 0.0001	12 (5.45)

The statistical analysis was conducted using the independent-samples Mann-Whitney U test, a nonparametric method. Interquartile range: A single number as a result of this mathematical equation (interquartile range = 75th percentile - 25th percentile). T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; DM: Diabetes mellitus; IQR: Interquartile range; BMI: Body mass index; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c.

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Citation: Abdelbaset-Ismail A, Hui X, Lin Q, Gu C, Xu J, Watson S, Cai L, Tan Y, Wintergerst KA. Serum elemental profiles and their associations with glycemic control in pediatric type 1 and type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(8): 122649
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i8/122649.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.122649

Abdelbaset-Ismail A, Hui X, Lin Q, Gu C, Xu J, Watson S, Cai L, Tan Y, Wintergerst KA. Serum elemental profiles and their associations with glycemic control in pediatric type 1 and type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(8): 122649 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.122649]

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