Non-invasive haemodynamic monitoring to individualise fluid resuscitation in adult diabetic ketoacidosis: A randomized controlled pilot trial

Table 8 Fluid intake, net fluid balance, and urine output in participants aged 60 years or older, mean ± SD

Time point	USCOM group (n = 8)	Control group (n = 4)	t-value	Cohen’s d	Mean difference	95%CI	P value
Fluid replenishment (mL)
24 hours	6252 ± 734.71	6222.25 ± 1417.23	0.05	0.03	29.75	-1274.9 to 1334.4	0.961
48 hours	3089 ± 899.41	2327.75 ± 791.66	1.43	0.87	761.25	-372.2 to 1894.7	0.184
72 hours	1800.5 ± 665.55	2503 ± 793.00	-1.63	1.00	-702.5	-1623.8 to 218.8	0.135
Total 72 hours	11141.5 ± 1807.49	11053 ± 1952.32	0.08	0.05	88.5	-2342.9 to 2520.0	0.939
Net fluid replenishment (mL)
24 hours	2517.125 ± 1217.20	4139.75 ± 1496.80	-2.04	1.24	-1622.625	-3286.0 to 39.7	0.069
48 hours	3327.625 ± 1620.86	4938.75 ± 1473.68	-1.67	1.02	-1611.125	-3686.8 to 464.5	0.127
72 hours	3170.625 ± 1318.32	5899.25 ± 1246.86	-3.44	2.10	-2728.625	-4385.3 to -1071.9	0.005a
Urine output (mL)
24 hours	3734.875 ± 761.75	2082.5 ± 517.27	3.87	2.37	1652.375	701.1-2603.7	0.002a
48 hours	2278.5 ± 491.07	1528.75 ± 395.61	2.64	1.61	749.75	116.4-1383.2	0.024a
72 hours	1957.5 ± 1096.61	1542.5 ± 474.26	0.71	0.43	415	-884.3 to 1714.3	0.495

^aP < 0.05.

Subgroup analysis of cumulative fluid intake, net fluid balance and urine output at 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours and over the first 72 hours among participants aged ≥ 60 years in ultrasonic cardiac output monitor-guided and control groups. Data presentation, definitions of time intervals, and statistical methods are as described for Table 3. USCOM: Ultrasonic cardiac output monitor; CI: Confidence interval.