Non-invasive haemodynamic monitoring to individualise fluid resuscitation in adult diabetic ketoacidosis: A randomized controlled pilot trial

Table 7 Fluid intake, net fluid balance, and urine output in participants younger than 60 years, mean ± SD

Time point	USCOM group (n = 17)	Control group (n = 21)	t-value	Cohen’s d	Mean difference	95%CI	P value
Fluid replenishment (mL)
24 hours	6637.35 ± 2220.25	6232.43 ± 1402.32	0.69	0.22	404.92	-794.0 to 1603.8	0.497
48 hours	3035.59 ± 921.23	3141.10 ± 1403.68	-0.27	0.09	-105.51	-907.6 to 696.6	0.787
72 hours	1727.76 ± 456.78	2300 ± 699.01	-2.91	0.95	-572.24	-973.1 to -171.3	0.006a
Total 72 hours	11400.71 ± 2677.67	11669.24 ± 2840.30	-0.30	0.10	-268.53	-2079.5 to 1542.5	0.773
Net fluid replenishment (mL)
24 hours	2759.12 ± 2007.14	3200.76 ± 1081.40	-0.82	0.27	-441.64	-1555.0 to 671.7	0.424
48 hours	2748.94 ± 1400.17	4036.62 ± 1816.50	-2.40	0.78	-1287.68	-2376.0 to -199.4	0.021a
72 hours	2796.71 ± 1579.76	4442.81 ± 2007.73	-2.76	0.89	-1646.10	-2855.7 to -436.5	0.009
Urine output (mL)
24 hours	3878.24 ± 1083.97	3031.67 ± 1144.61	2.32	0.76	846.57	108.7-1584.4	0.026a
48 hours	3045.76 ± 1584.61	2305.24 ± 1134.93	1.68	0.54	740.52	-153.2 to 1634.2	0.102
72 hours	1680 ± 635.42	1899.05 ± 1016.13	-0.81	0.25	-219.05	-768.5 to 330.4	0.423

^aP < 0.05.

Subgroup analysis of cumulative fluid intake, net fluid balance, and urine output at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours and over the first 72 hours among participants aged < 60 years in ultrasonic cardiac output monitor-guided and control groups. Data presentation, definitions of time intervals, and statistical methods are as described for Table 3. USCOM: Ultrasonic cardiac output monitor; CI: Confidence interval.