Non-invasive haemodynamic monitoring to individualise fluid resuscitation in adult diabetic ketoacidosis: A randomized controlled pilot trial

Table 6 Incidence of complications in ultrasonic cardiac output monitor-guided vs control groups, n (%)

Complication	USCOM group (n = 25)	Control group (n = 25)	χ2	Cohen’s d	Absolute risk difference	95%CI	P value
Hypoglycemia1	6 (24)	5 (20)	0.12	0.086	+0.04	-0.19 to 0.27	0.733
Hypokalemia1	6 (24)	5 (20)	0.12	0.086	+0.04	-0.19 to 0.27	0.733
Pulmonary oedema2	0 (0)	1 (4)	-	0.252	-0.04	-0.12 to 0.04	0.313
Acute kidney injury2	2 (8)	3 (12)	-	0.134	-0.04	-0.21 to 0.09	0.640
Arrhythmia2	5 (20)	3 (12)	-	0.274	+0.08	-0.12 to 0.28	0.440

¹Pearson’s χ² tests.

²Fisher’s exact tests as indicated.

Incidence of prespecified complications - including hypoglycaemia, hypokalaemia, pulmonary oedema, acute kidney injury and arrhythmia - from the initiation of fluid resuscitation until hospital discharge. Values are the number of patients (%) in each group, together with absolute risk differences and corresponding 95% confidence interval. USCOM: Ultrasonic cardiac output monitor; CI: Confidence interval.