Non-invasive haemodynamic monitoring to individualise fluid resuscitation in adult diabetic ketoacidosis: A randomized controlled pilot trial

Table 5 Haemodynamic effects of ultrasonic cardiac output monitor-guided fluid resuscitation in the intervention group, mean ± SD

Parameters	Baseline	Post-resuscitation	t-value	Cohen’s d	Mean difference	95%CI	P value
SV (mL)	29.8 ± 4.5	68.6 ± 9.7	14.82	2.96	38.8	33.2-44.4	< 0.001
CO (L/minute)	3.0 ± 0.7	5.4 ± 1.0	12.00	2.40	2.4	1.9-2.9	< 0.001

Stroke volume and cardiac output were measured by ultrasonic cardiac output monitor at baseline (before the first rehydration therapy) and after completion of protocolised fluid resuscitation in the ultrasonic cardiac output monitor group. Data are paired means ± SD, with within-patient mean differences and 95% confidence interval. P values are from two-sided paired t-tests, chosen to minimise inter-individual variability when comparing the same patient before and after treatment. Baseline indicates measurements before the first rehydration therapy; post-resuscitation indicates measurements obtained before the last rehydration treatment. SV: Stroke volume; CO: Cardiac output; CI: Confidence interval.