Non-invasive haemodynamic monitoring to individualise fluid resuscitation in adult diabetic ketoacidosis: A randomized controlled pilot trial

Table 4 Blood glucose trajectories, urinary ketone clearance, and length of hospital stay, mean ± SD

Time point	USCOM group (n = 25)	Control group (n = 25)	t-value	Cohen’s d	Mean difference	95%CI	P value
Blood glucose (mmol/L)
24 hours	16.07 ± 3.62	15.99 ± 4.51	0.07	0.02	0.08	-2.25 to 2.41	0.944
48 hours	15.81 ± 3.54	14.84 ± 4.15	0.89	0.25	0.97	-1.23 to 3.17	0.377
72 hours	13.85 ± 4.09	13.32 ± 3.23	0.51	0.14	0.53	-1.56 to 2.62	0.612
Time for urinary ketone bodies to turn negative (day)
Discharge	6.04 ± 2.29	6.28 ± 2.59	0.35	0.10	-0.24	-1.15 to 1.63	0.730
Length of hospitalisation (day)
Discharge	7.8 ± 2.77	9.72 ± 3.38	2.18	0.62	-1.92	0.15-3.69	0.034a

^aP < 0.05.

Blood glucose concentrations at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours after admission, time to urinary ketone clearance, and total length of hospitalisation in ultrasonic cardiac output monitor-guided and control groups. Data are presented as mean ± SD, with mean differences and 95% confidence interval. P values are from two-sided independent-samples t-tests. “Discharge” denotes the time point at which the participant left the hospital. Time to urinary ketone clearance is defined as the cumulative number of hospital days from admission until the last recorded urinary ketone test is negative. USCOM: Ultrasonic cardiac output monitor; CI: Confidence interval.