Non-invasive haemodynamic monitoring to individualise fluid resuscitation in adult diabetic ketoacidosis: A randomized controlled pilot trial

Table 3 Fluid intake, net fluid balance, and urine output in ultrasonic cardiac output monitor-guided vs control groups, mean ± SD

Time point	USCOM group (n = 25)	Control group (n = 25)	t-value	Cohen’s d	Mean difference	95%CI	P value
Fluid replenishment (mL)
24 hours	6514.04 ± 1925.03	6230.80 ± 1433.69	0.590	0.167	283.24	-681.97 to 1248.45	0.558
48 hours	3052.68 ± 933.51	3010.96 ± 1386.33	0.125	0.035	41.72	-630.37 to 713.81	0.901
72 hours	1751.04 ± 544.65	2328.88 ± 733.72	-3.162	-0.894	-577.84	-945.29 to -210.39	0.003a
Total 72 hours	11317.76 ± 2436.41	11570.64 ± 2726.75	0.35	0.10	-252.88	-1217.82 to 1723.58	0.730
Net fluid replenishment (mL)
24 hours	2681.68 ± 1833.34	3351.00 ± 1232.93	-1.515	-0.428	-669.32	-1557.76 to 219.12	0.136
48 hours	2934.12 ± 1529.80	4180.96 ± 1833.98	-2.610	-0.738	-1246.84	-2207.22 to -286.46	0.012a
72 hours	2916.36 ± 1542.48	4675.84 ± 2021.83	-3.459	-0.978	-1759.48	-2782.10 to -736.86	0.001a
Urine output (mL)
24 hours	3832.36 ± 1015.11	2879.80 ± 1148.91	3.107	0.879	952.56	336.05-1569.07	0.003a
48 hours	2800.24 ± 1411.51	2181.00 ± 1112.64	1.723	0.487	619.24	-103.51 to 1341.99	0.091
72 hours	1768.80 ± 839.23	1834.00 ± 978.60	-0.253	-0.072	-65.20	-583.61 to 453.21	0.801

^aP < 0.05.

Overall, compared with the control group, the ultrasonic cardiac output monitor (USCOM) group demonstrated significantly lower net fluid replenishment at 48 hours and 72 hours, significantly lower fluid replenishment at 72 hours, and significantly higher urine output at 24 hours. Values are presented as mean ± SD. Independent-samples t-tests were used to compare USCOM and control groups at each time point. The mean difference was calculated as the USCOM group minus the control group; therefore, negative values indicate lower values in the USCOM group. The 95% confidence interval represents the confidence interval around the mean difference. Effect sizes were estimated using Cohen’s d, calculated from the pooled SD. P values are two-sided and were not adjusted for multiple comparisons. USCOM: Ultrasonic cardiac output monitor; CI: Confidence interval.