Non-invasive haemodynamic monitoring to individualise fluid resuscitation in adult diabetic ketoacidosis: A randomized controlled pilot trial

Table 2 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population, mean ± SD

Parameter	USCOM group (n = 25)	Control group (n = 25)	Statistical effect size	P value
Age (years)1	51.8 ± 13.5	44.1 ± 18.1	1.70	0.093
BMI (kg/m2)1	24.1 ± 2.5	24.8 ± 4.3	-0.74	0.464
SBP (mmHg)1	127.1 ± 16.1	132.5 ± 23.1	-0.95	0.346
DBP (mmHg)1	77.8 ± 10.6	76.0 ± 15.5	0.47	0.641
MAP (mmHg)1	94.2 ± 11.5	94.8 ± 16.8	-0.15	0.881
Heart rate (bpm)1	102.2 ± 19.4	104.1 ± 18.1	-0.35	0.731
Respiratory rate (breaths/minute)1	24.7 ± 6.1	22.5 ± 5.1	1.35	0.180
SpO2 (%)1	96.6 ± 2.1	96.2 ± 1.4	0.80	0.431
Sex (male/female)2	11/14	10/15	0.04	0.396

¹Independent-samples t-tests.

²Pearson’s χ² or Fisher’s exact tests.

Baseline demographic, vital sign, and clinical characteristics of participants randomized to ultrasonic cardiac output monitor-guided vs control management. Data are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise stated. P values compare groups using appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests (for instance, independent-samples t-tests for continuous variables and χ² or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables), as indicated by superscripts in the table. BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; MAP: Mean arterial pressure.