Artificial intelligence-based chest computed tomography assessment of bone, vascular, and epicardial adipose changes in type 2 diabetes

doi:10.4239/wjd.121422

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2026; 17(8): 121422
Published online Aug 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.121422

Table 4 Comparison between type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with different durations after matching, n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Variables	Short-duration vs intermediate-duration		P value	Short-duration vs long-duration		P value	Intermediate-duration vs long-duration		P value
Variables	Short-duration	Intermediate-duration	P value	Short-duration	Long-duration	P value	Intermediate-duration	Long-duration	P value
n	267	267		310	310		305	305
Age (years)	58.00 (51.00, 66.00)	58.00 (52.00, 65.00)	0.878	57.00 (50.00, 65.00)	59.00 (51.25, 66.00)	0.114	59.00 (52.00, 67.00)	60.00 (54.00, 68.00)	0.082
BMI (kg/m²)	24.04 (21.51, 26.09)	24.37 (22.01, 26.69)	0.148	24.14 (21.54, 25.96)	23.88 (21.89, 26.13)	0.785	24.38 (22.03, 26.67)	23.74 (21.89, 26.12)	0.147
Male sex	181 (67.79)	178 (66.67)	0.782	196 (63.23)	202 (65.16)	0.615	209 (68.52)	201 (65.90)	0.490
Smoke	61 (22.85)	63 (23.60)	0.838	67 (21.61)	74 (23.87)	0.502	69 (22.62)	66 (21.64)	0.770
Alcohol	27 (10.11)	32 (11.99)	0.490	35 (11.29)	42 (13.55)	0.394	39 (12.79)	37 (12.13)	0.806
Hypertension	208 (77.90)	206 (77.15)	0.836	246 (79.35)	251 (80.97)	0.615	241 (79.02)	250 (81.97)	0.358
Dyslipidemia	188 (70.41)	173 (64.79)	0.165	220 (70.97)	222 (71.61)	0.859	200 (65.57)	209 (68.52)	0.438
Fast glucose (mmol/L)	7.49 (6.04, 10.59)	7.66 (6.04, 10.61)	0.621	7.43 (5.97, 10.43)	8.61 (6.52, 11.93)	< 0.001	7.65 (6.04, 10.65)	8.72 (6.52, 11.22)	0.015
HbA1c (%)	7.00 (6.30, 7.10)	7.00 (6.35, 7.00)	0.289	7.00 (6.30, 7.10)	7.00 (6.40, 7.27)	0.775	7.00 (6.30, 7.00)	6.90 (6.40, 7.10)	0.574
CACS	21.14 (0.00, 161.95)	32.04 (0.00, 213.55)	0.426	18.96 (0.00, 164.64)	79.28 (0.00, 326.17)	< 0.001	35.05 (0.00, 265.64)	121.49 (7.85, 492.69)	< 0.001
CAC category			0.697			0.001			0.003
0	96 (35.96)	88 (32.96)		112 (36.13)	84 (27.10)		94 (30.82)	61 (20.00)
1-100	85 (31.84)	80 (29.96)		99 (31.94)	79 (25.48)		89 (29.18)	79 (25.90)
101-300	39 (14.61)	46 (17.23)		46 (14.84)	62 (20.00)		52 (17.05)	67 (21.97)
> 300	47 (17.60)	53 (19.85)		53 (17.10)	85 (27.42)		70 (22.95)	98 (32.13)
BMD (mg/cm³)	166.10 (147.47, 190.49)	170.11 (147.51, 187.26)	0.900	171.64 (149.81, 191.01)	170.02 (144.57, 188.12)	0.222	168.83 (145.61, 185.70)	167.88 (141.91, 186.09)	0.445
EAT volume (cm³)	155.47 (105.92, 220.46)	159.70 (113.23, 210.34)	0.969	156.71 (107.58, 215.17)	151.50 (104.02, 210.74)	0.508	168.09 (115.08, 221.18)	157.13 (110.40, 212.37)	0.276
EAT density (HU)	-75.93 (-82.31, -69.26)	-75.20 (-82.29, -69.59)	0.833	-76.30 (-83.13, -69.80)	-74.38 (-79.66, -69.31)	0.004	-74.95 (-81.93, -69.51)	-74.64 (-79.70, -69.28)	0.204

BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; CACS: Coronary artery calcium score; CAC: Coronary artery calcification; BMD: Bone mineral density; EAT: Epicardial adipose tissue; HU: Hounsfield unit.

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Citation: Liu YK, Wu FY, Jiang CP, Xia YX, Li Y, Zeng WW, Zhang SY, Fan DN, Zhang MX, Liu TC, Wu XP, Dong Y, Chen W, Zhao YH, Li T, Li Z, Xu XY. Artificial intelligence-based chest computed tomography assessment of bone, vascular, and epicardial adipose changes in type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(8): 121422
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i8/121422.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.121422

Liu YK, Wu FY, Jiang CP, Xia YX, Li Y, Zeng WW, Zhang SY, Fan DN, Zhang MX, Liu TC, Wu XP, Dong Y, Chen W, Zhao YH, Li T, Li Z, Xu XY. Artificial intelligence-based chest computed tomography assessment of bone, vascular, and epicardial adipose changes in type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(8): 121422 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.121422]

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