Artificial intelligence-based chest computed tomography assessment of bone, vascular, and epicardial adipose changes in type 2 diabetes

doi:10.4239/wjd.121422

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2026; 17(8): 121422
Published online Aug 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.121422

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus stratified by duration, n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Variables	Short-duration	Intermediate-duration	Long-duration	P value
n	355	311	703
Baseline characteristic
Age (years)	57.00 (49.00, 64.00)	59.00 (52.00, 67.00)	61.00 (55.00, 69.00)	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	24.09 (21.60, 26.26)	24.37 (22.03, 26.66)	23.81 (21.88, 26.10)	0.190
Male sex	223 (62.82)	214 (68.81)	472 (67.14)	0.220
Smoke	84 (23.66)	72 (23.15)	140 (19.91)	0.285
Alcohol	38 (10.70)	41 (13.18)	87 (12.38)	0.594
Hypertension	273 (76.90)	242 (77.81)	614 (87.34)	< 0.001
Dyslipidemia	256 (72.11)	206 (66.24)	490 (69.70)	0.257
Laboratory findings
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	0.98 (0.79, 1.28)	0.96 (0.78, 1.21)	0.94 (0.78, 1.16)	0.084
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.53 (1.86, 3.43)	2.47 (1.79, 3.00)	2.23 (1.68, 2.97)	< 0.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.40 (3.45, 5.70)	4.11 (3.43, 5.10)	3.91 (3.20, 4.86)	< 0.001
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.89 (1.21, 3.21)	1.66 (1.14, 2.40)	1.63 (1.08, 2.46)	0.001
HbA1c (%)	7.00 (6.30, 7.10)	7.00 (6.30, 7.00)	6.90 (6.35, 7.10)	0.008
Fast glucose (mmol/L)	7.49 (5.97, 10.52)	7.65 (6.04, 10.56)	8.51 (6.25, 11.72)	0.002
CT findings
BMD (mg/cm³)	171.70 (148.95, 191.93)	168.83 (145.90, 185.79)	166.44 (141.91, 186.12)	0.013
EAT volume (cm³)	157.95 (107.31, 214.17)	167.29 (114.66, 220.84)	160.16 (110.63, 214.58)	0.491
EAT density (HU)	-76.84 (-83.17, -70.48)	-74.91 (-81.98, -69.52)	-74.36 (-80.03, -69.10)	< 0.001
CACS	12.87 (0.00, 145.79)	34.09 (0.00, 260.27)	116.96 (7.63, 496.13)	< 0.001
CAC category				< 0.001
0	139 (39.15)	99 (31.83)	147 (20.91)
1-100	111 (31.27)	89 (28.62)	182 (25.89)
101-300	49 (13.80)	52 (16.72)	144 (20.48)
> 300	56 (15.77)	71 (22.83)	230 (32.72)

HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; BMD: Bone mineral density; EAT: Epicardial adipose tissue; HU: Hounsfield unit; CACS: Coronary artery calcium score; CT: Computed tomography; BMI: Body mass index; CAC: Coronary artery calcification; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin.

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Citation: Liu YK, Wu FY, Jiang CP, Xia YX, Li Y, Zeng WW, Zhang SY, Fan DN, Zhang MX, Liu TC, Wu XP, Dong Y, Chen W, Zhao YH, Li T, Li Z, Xu XY. Artificial intelligence-based chest computed tomography assessment of bone, vascular, and epicardial adipose changes in type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(8): 121422
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i8/121422.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.121422

Liu YK, Wu FY, Jiang CP, Xia YX, Li Y, Zeng WW, Zhang SY, Fan DN, Zhang MX, Liu TC, Wu XP, Dong Y, Chen W, Zhao YH, Li T, Li Z, Xu XY. Artificial intelligence-based chest computed tomography assessment of bone, vascular, and epicardial adipose changes in type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(8): 121422 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.121422]

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