Artificial intelligence-based chest computed tomography assessment of bone, vascular, and epicardial adipose changes in type 2 diabetes

doi:10.4239/wjd.121422

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2026; 17(8): 121422
Published online Aug 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.121422

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with non-type 2 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus, n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Variables	Total	Non-T2DM patients	T2DM patients	P value
n	4589	3220	1369
Baseline characteristic
Age (years)	55.00 (45.00, 63.00)	53.00 (41.00, 60.00)	60.00 (53.00, 67.00)	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	23.73 (21.48, 25.95)	23.62 (21.40, 25.84)	24.02 (21.88, 26.22)	< 0.001
Male sex	2665 (58.07)	1756 (54.53)	909 (66.40)	< 0.001
Smoke	946 (20.61)	650 (20.19)	296 (21.62)	0.271
Alcohol	709 (15.45)	543 (16.86)	166 (12.13)	< 0.001
Hypertension	2377 (51.80)	1248 (38.76)	1129 (82.47)	< 0.001
Dyslipidemia	2598 (56.61)	1646 (51.12)	952 (69.54)	< 0.001
Laboratory findings
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.09 (0.90, 1.34)	1.14 (0.95, 1.39)	0.95 (0.78, 1.21)	< 0.001
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.67 (2.04, 3.37)	2.78 (2.19, 3.49)	2.35 (1.74, 3.06)	< 0.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.40 (3.68, 5.36)	4.53 (3.84, 5.45)	4.05 (3.31, 5.12)	< 0.001
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.52 (1.03, 2.35)	1.44 (1.00, 2.21)	1.70 (1.13, 2.65)	< 0.001
Fast glucose (mmol/L)	5.44 (4.89, 6.52)	5.18 (4.79, 5.69)	8.01 (6.10, 11.20)	< 0.001
CT findings
BMD (mg/cm³)	173.37 (149.18, 196.47)	176.72 (151.09, 200.71)	167.90 (144.78, 187.61)	< 0.001
EAT volume (cm³)	139.89 (95.68, 196.14)	132.59 (91.86, 184.31)	160.57 (111.34, 215.94)	< 0.001
EAT density (HU)	-77.06 (-82.28, -72.03)	-77.79 (-82.55, -72.99)	-75.07 (-81.41, -69.36)	< 0.001
CACS	0.00 (0.00, 60.53)	0.00 (0.00, 5.02)	61.20 (0.00, 330.42)	< 0.001
CAC category				< 0.001
0	2671 (58.20)	2286 (70.99)	385 (28.12)
1-100	948 (20.66)	566 (17.58)	382 (27.90)
101-300	448 (9.76)	203 (6.30)	245 (17.90)
> 300	522 (11.38)	165 (5.12)	357 (26.08)

T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; BMD: Bone mineral density; EAT: Epicardial adipose tissue; HU: Hounsfield unit; CACS: Coronary artery calcium score; CT: Computed tomography; BMI: Body mass index; CAC: Coronary artery calcification.

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Citation: Liu YK, Wu FY, Jiang CP, Xia YX, Li Y, Zeng WW, Zhang SY, Fan DN, Zhang MX, Liu TC, Wu XP, Dong Y, Chen W, Zhao YH, Li T, Li Z, Xu XY. Artificial intelligence-based chest computed tomography assessment of bone, vascular, and epicardial adipose changes in type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(8): 121422
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i8/121422.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.121422

Liu YK, Wu FY, Jiang CP, Xia YX, Li Y, Zeng WW, Zhang SY, Fan DN, Zhang MX, Liu TC, Wu XP, Dong Y, Chen W, Zhao YH, Li T, Li Z, Xu XY. Artificial intelligence-based chest computed tomography assessment of bone, vascular, and epicardial adipose changes in type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(8): 121422 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.121422]

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