Regulation of ferroptosis and mitochondrial homeostasis disruption in diabetic cardiomyopathy: Therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine

Table 7 Representative combinations of traditional Chinese medicine-derived bioactive compounds with cardioprotective potential in diabetic cardiomyopathy

Compounds	Herb source	Drug dosage	Model	Mechanisms
Artemisinin + Allicin	Sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua L.; Garlic, Allium sativum L.	75 + 40 mg/kg/day i.g., 4 weeks	STZ-induced diabetic rats	Additive inhibition of NF-κB signaling, improved cardiac function and fibrosis[169]
Chlorogenic acid + Ferulic acid	Japanese honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica Thunb.; Chinese angelica, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels	CGA (110 mg/kg/day and 55 mg/kg/day), and FA (110 mg/kg/day and 55 mg/kg/day) for 15 weeks; 2 μM CGA, 2 μM FA for 24 hours	C57BL/6J mice-DCM model; PA-induced H9c2 cell lipotoxic model	Attenuation of cardiomyocyte lipotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction via GCGR-associated metabolic signaling (involving PPARα and AMPK)[170]
Tilianin + Syringin	Moldavian balm, Dracocephalum moldavica L; Ginseng, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer	Tilianin 60 mg/kg/day (i.p.), Syringin 50 mg/kg/day (i.p.), 8 weeks	STZ + HFD-induced DCM rats; HG-H9c2 cells	Activates PGC-1α/SIRT3 (↑SIRT3, ↑PGC-1α, ↑ATP, ↓ROS, restored ΔΨm); inhibits TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammation; reduces apoptosis (↓Bax, cleaved caspase-3; ↑Bcl2)[168]

i.p.: Intraperitoneal injection; i.g.: Intragastric administration; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-B; STZ: Streptozotocin; HFD: High-fat diet; DCM: Diabetic cardiomyopathy; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; ΔΨm: Mitochondrial membrane potential.