Regulation of ferroptosis and mitochondrial homeostasis disruption in diabetic cardiomyopathy: Therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine

Table 5 Effects of traditional Chinese medicine-derived bioactive compounds on regulating mitochondrial biogenesis in diabetic cardiomyopathy

Compounds	Herb source	Drug dosage	Model	Mechanisms
Ferulic acid	Angelica, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels	25 mg/kg/day i.g.; 10-25 μM in vitro	HFD + HFru + STZ DCM rats; HG-H9c2	Normalizes MAM (↓PACS2/IP3R2/FUNDC1/VDAC1); restores mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion & OxPhos[157]
Gypenosides	Gynostemma, Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino	50 mg/kg/day, 100 mg/kg/day, 150 mg/kg/day (10 weeks, oral)	STZ-induced diabetic rats	Activates AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway; ↑ PGC-1α expression; enhances antioxidant defense; promotes mitochondrial biogenesis; improves cardiac function[158]
Icariin	Epimedium, Epimedium spp.	30 mg/kg/day, 7.5 μmol/L, 15 μmol/L, 30 μmol/L (in vitro)	db/db mice; HG-treated primary neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes	Activates Apelin/Sirt3 signaling → ↑ mitochondrial proteins (PGC-1α, Mfn2, Cyt-b) → restores ΔΨm, reduces ROS, inhibits apoptosis, improves cardiac function[96]
Rosmarinic acid	Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis L.	100 mg/kg/day (4 weeks, oral gavage)	STZ-induced DCM mice; HG-treated H9c2 cardiomyocytes	Activates SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway; improves mitochondrial function (↑ΔΨm, ↑ATP, ↓ROS); reduces apoptosis (↓cleaved caspase-3, ↓Bax; ↑Bcl2); ameliorates cardiac dysfunction[159]

i.g.: Intragastric administration; DCM: Diabetic cardiomyopathy; STZ: Streptozotocin; HFD: High-fat diet; ΔΨm: Mitochondrial membrane potential; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; HFru: High fructose.